TABLE 3.

Baseline versus postintervention changes in blood pressure for isometric resistance training versus control participants included in the individual participant data meta-analysis

One-step model	Exercise mean difference (mmHg) (95% CI)	Control mean difference (mmHg) (95% CI)	P, treatment effect
Δ SBP	−6.22 (−7.75 to −4.68)	−0.14 (−1.93 to 1.65)	<0.00001
Δ DBP	−2.78 (−3.92 to −1.65)	−0.45 (−1.76 to 0.85)	0.002
Δ MAP	−4.12 (−5.39 to −2.85)	−0.32 (−1.76 to 1.13)	<0.00001

Two-step model, n = 12, included studies exercise versus control mean difference mmHg (95% CI)	Exercise versus control mean difference (mmHg) (95% CI)	P, treatment effect
ΔSBP	−7.32 (−8.93 to −5.71); I2 = 22%	<0.00001
ΔDBP	−3.29 (−5.12 to −1.46); I2 = 63%	0.0004
ΔMAP	−4.63 (−6.18 to −3.09); I2 = 47%	<0.00001

Two-step model, n = 6, excluded studies	Exercise versus control mean difference (mmHg) (95% CI)	P, treatment effect
ΔSBP	−5.61 (−9.04 to −2.19); I2 = 82%	0.001
ΔDBP	−4.27 (−7.92 to −0.62); I2 = 91%	0.02
ΔMAP	−1.92 (−3.00 to −0.84); I2 = 7%	0.0005

One-step and two-step model analyses. CI, confidence interval; MAP, mean arterial pressure.