Figure 2.

Progressive surface functionalization regimes vs wetting properties. Cassie–Baxter states (CA > 150°, SA < 10°) against various liquids were achieved at respective reaction grafting ratios to surface tensions: (a) 1:1, 72.8 mN/m, (b) 2:1, 47.7 mN/m, (c) 4:1, 27.5 mN/m, and (d) 6:1, 23.83 mN/m. (e) Grafting density of nanoparticles was ranged using the as-defined reaction grafting ratio (micromole per square meter) from 0 to 20 times. A range of weight percentage grafting was achieved from 0 to ca. 54%, respectively. The tunable super-hydrophobic–super-oleophobic properties of covalent-network functionalized silica demonstrated in (f) linear and (g) radial droplet capturing and patterning. Liquid sheets and droplets are selectively captured by the one-step deposition of higher surface energy domains (super-hydrophobic but not super-oleophobic). The liquid capture systems in panels f and g were tuned to water and hexadecane but are, in principle, applicable to a range of other liquids.