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. 2019 Sep 5;9:12806. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-49291-x

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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NIR fluorescence of NaYF₄: Nd³⁺, Yb³⁺ sample under 808-nm laser excitation. (a) Emission spectrum of NIR fluorescence of Yb³⁺ (⁴F_5/2 → ⁴F_7/2) from NaYF₄: Nd³⁺, Yb³⁺ at room temperature. (b) Schematic energy level diagram of NaYF₄: Nd³⁺, Yb³⁺, which was used as the sensitizer excited by 808-nm laser and as the 1000-nm emitter.