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. 2019 Sep 5;10:4006. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-11999-9

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Three mechanisms of translation initiation at polycistronic mRNAs. a No translational coupling. Genes with intergenic regions, independent translation initiation at all genes. b Translational coupling (UTNI mechanism). Genes with intergenic regions. Translation of the downstream gene is inhibited due to long-range interactions. Translation of the upstream gene destroys these structures and enables do novo initiation at the downstream gene. c Translational coupling (TeRe mechanism). Genes with overlaps of stop and start codons. The same ribosome that terminates translation of the upstream gene (or the same 30S subunit) restarts translation at the downstream gene