Appendix 1.
Samples for phylogenetic analysis using matK and ITS sequences with voucher information, GenBank accession number.
| Species | Voucher specimen (Herbarium/No.) | Locality | matK | ITS |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OUTGROUP | ||||
| Chelonanthus alatus (Aubl.) Pulle | Maas 9316 (U) | French Guiana | KX904551 | KX904610 |
| GENTIANEAE GROUP | ||||
| Crawfurdia speciosa Wall. | KEKE 1244 (K) | N/A | AJ010512/AJ011441 | AJ294586/AJ294646 |
| Gentiana crassicaulis Duthie ex Burkill | xuechy090107 (KUN) | China | KC861277 | KC861348 |
| Gentiana dahurica Fisch. | xuechy0076 (KUN) | China | KC861279 | KC861350 |
| Gentiana frigida Haenke | N/A | Germany (Schachen Bot. Garden), cultivated | AJ388166/AJ388236 | AJ294588/AJ294648 |
| Gentiana straminea Maxim. | xuechy0065 (KUN) | China | KC861282 | KC861353 |
| SWERTIINAE GROUP | ||||
| Comastoma cyananthiflorum (Franch.) Holub | XHC120021 (KUN) | China | KC861250 | KC861320 |
| Comastoma cyananthiflorum (Franch.) Holub | CEE-88 (E 00025334) | China | AJ406324/AJ406353 | AJ294585/AJ294645 |
| Comastoma jigzhiense T.N. Ho & J.Q. Liu | Chensl0423 (KUN) | China | KC861231 | KC861300 |
| Comastoma polycladum (Diels & Gilg) T.N. Ho | xuechy090036 (KUN) | China | KC861275 | KC861346 |
| Comastoma pulmonarium (Turcz.) Toyok. | GLM-081307 (KUN) | China | KC861238 | KC861306 |
| Frasera albicaulis Griseb. | K. Gutsche 20 (MJG) | N/A | AJ406325/AJ406354 | AJ294587/AJ294647 |
| Gentianella amarella (L.) Börner | W.J. Schrenk (FR) | N/A | AJ406326/AJ406355 | AJ294591/AJ294651 |
| Gentianella angustiflora H. Smith | Edinburgh Makalu Expedition 430 (E 00025322) | Nepal | AJ406327/AJ406356 | AJ294592/AJ294652 |
| Gentianella antipoda (Kirk) T.N. Ho & S.W. Liu | CHR 510015 | New Zealand | – | AY136500 |
| Gentianella arenaria (Maxim.) T.N. Ho | T.N. Ho et al. 435 (E 00025341) | N/A | AJ406328 | AJ294593/AJ294653 |
| Gentianella aspera (Hegetschw.) Dostál ex Skalický, Chrtek & Gill | K. Gutsche 45 (MJG) | N/A | AJ010517/AJ011446 | AJ294594/AJ294654 |
| Gentianella astonii (Petrie) T.N. Ho & S.W. Liu | CHR 509942 | New Zealand | – | AY136494 |
| Gentianella aurea (L.) H. Smith | H. Smith 4131 (E 00025348) | N/A | AJ406329/AJ406357 | AJ294595/AJ294655 |
| Gentianella auriculata (Pall.) J.M. Gillett | C. Tpyrgeba (K) | N/A | AJ406330/AJ406358 | AJ294596/AJ294656 |
| Gentianella austriaca (A. Kern. & Jos.Kern.) Holub | N/A (MJG) | Germany (Schachen Bot. Garden), cultivated | – | AJ294597/AJ294657 |
| Gentianella azurea (Bunge) Holub | xuechy090033 (KUN) | China | KC861284 | KC861355 |
| Gentianella azurea (Bunge) Holub | T.N. Ho, B. Bartholomew, M. Gilbert 1312 (E 00025339) | China | AJ406331/AJ406359 | AJ294598/AJ294658 |
| Gentianella azurea (Bunge) Holub | Yangyp-Q-0255 (KUN) | China | MN067526* | MK416127* |
| Gentianella bellidifolia (Hook.f.) Holub | 19932974 | Scotland (Edinburgh Bot. Garden), cultivated | AJ388162/AJ388232 | AJ294599/AJ294659 |
| Gentianella bohemica Skalický | 015 | Czech Republic | – | AJ580570 |
| Gentianella canosoi G.L. Nesom & B.L. Turner | S. Gonzales, S. Acevedo 2033 (TEX) | N/A | AJ406332/AJ406360 | AJ294600/AJ294660 |
| Gentianella caucasea (Lodd. ex Sims) Holub | J. C. Archibald 8208 (E 00025347) | N/A | – | AJ294601/AJ294661 |
| Gentianella cerastioides (Kunth) Fabris | R. Greissl (MJG) | N/A | AJ010518/AJ011447 | AJ294602/AJ294662 |
| Gentianella cernua (Kunth) Fabris | C.Viteri 4410 (MO) | N/A | – | AJ294603/AJ294663 |
| Gentianella cosmantha (Griseb.) J.S. Pringle | J.G. Haukes, J.P.Hjirting, K. Rahn 3569 (L 424359) | N/A | AJ406333/AJ406361 | AJ294604/AJ294664 |
| Gentianella diemensis (Griseb.) J.H. Willis | H. Hurka (MJG) | N/A | AJ295332/AJ295333 | AJ294605/AJ294665 |
| Gentianella engadinensis (Wettst.) Holub | Ge002 | Switzerland | – | AJ580559 |
| Gentianella fastigiata (Benth.) Fabris | K. Gutsche (MJG) | N/A | – | AJ294606/AJ294666 |
| Gentianella florida (Griseb.) Holub | R. Ehrich 444 (MJG) | N/A | AJ406334/AJ406362 | AJ294607/AJ294667 |
| Gentianella foliosa (Kunth) Fabris | 1994-508 | England (Kew Bot. Garden), cultivated | – | AJ294608/AJ294668 |
| Gentianella gentianoides (Franch.) H. Smith | xuechy090065 (KUN) | China | KC861285 | KC861356 |
| Gentianella gentianoides (Franch.) H. Smith | xuechy090094 (KUN) | China | KC861286 | KC861357 |
| Gentianella germanica (Willd.) E.F. Warburg | 20 | Germany | – | AJ580562 |
| Gentianella germanica (Willd.) E.F. Warburg | J.W. Kadereit (MJG) | N/A | AJ406335/AJ406363 | AJ294609/AJ294669 |
| Gentianella hirculus (Griseb.) Fabris | J.L. Clarke 1787 (QCNE) | N/A | – | AJ294610/AJ294670 |
| Gentianella holosteoides Schott & Kotschy ex N.M. Pritch. | Southhampton University 179 (K) | N/A | – | AJ294611/AJ294671 |
| Gentianella macrosperma Ma ex H.F. Cao, J.D. Ya & Q.R. Zhang | 17CS16327 (KUN) | China | MN067523* | MK416132* |
| Gentianella lineata (Kirk) T.N. Ho & S.W. Liu | CHR 509866 | New Zealand | – | AY136503 |
| Gentianella longicarpa (Gilli) Holub | D. Podlech 12436 (M) | N/A | – | AJ294612/AJ294672 |
| Gentianella magellanica (Gaudich.) Fabris | K. Kubitzki, T. Feuerer 99-10 (MJG) | N/A | AJ406336/AJ406364 | AJ294613/AJ294673 |
| Gentianella microcalyx (Lemmon) J. M. Gillett | E. Joyal, J. Enrique 1853 (TEX) | N/A | AJ406337/AJ406365 | AJ294614/AJ294674 |
| Gentianella montana (G. Forst.) Holub | CHR 509944 | New Zealand | – | AY136491 |
| Gentianella moorcroftiana (Wall. ex G. Don) A. Shaw | R. McBeath 2093 (E 00025318) | N/A | AJ406338/AJ406366 | AJ294615/AJ294675 |
| Gentianella narcissoides (Gilg) T.N. Ho & S.W. Liu | L. Naessany 14 (MJG) | N/A | – | AJ294616/AJ294676 |
| Gentianella patula (Kirk) Holub | 19932978 | Scotland (Edinburgh Bot. Garden), cultivated | AJ406339/AJ406367 | AJ294617/AJ294677 |
| Gentianella peruviana (Griseb.) Fabris | 19950534 | Scotland (Edinburgh Bot. Garden), cultivated | AJ388163/AJ388233 | AJ294618/AJ294678 |
| Gentianella propinqua (Richardson) J.M. Gillett | G. Halliday A 333/75 (E 00025300) | North America | AJ406340/AJ406368 | AJ294619/AJ294679 |
| Gentianella quinquefolia (L.) Small | Bozeman, Ramseur, Radford 45200 (E 00025241) | North America | AJ406341/AJ406369 | AJ294620/AJ294680 |
| Gentianella quinquefolia (L.) Small | D. Pittillo 12106 (WCUH) | America | – | EU812469 |
| Gentianella rapunculoides (Willd. ex Schult.) J.S. Pringle | R. Greissl 616 (MJG) | N/A | – | AJ294621/AJ294681 |
| Gentianella ruizii (Griseb.) Holub | Weigend, Weigend 2000/386 (NY) | N/A | AJ406342/AJ406370 | AJ294622/AJ294682 |
| Gentianella rupicola (Kunth) Holub | 199930516 | Scotland (Edinburgh Bot. Garden), cultivated | – | AJ294623/AJ294683 |
| Gentianella saxosa (G. Forst.) Holub | Gutsche (MJG) | N/A | – | AJ406343/AJ406371 |
| Gentianella splendens (Gilg) Fabris | J.L. Clarke 1855 (QCNE) | N/A | AJ295336/AJ295337 | AJ294624/AJ294684 |
| Gentianella stoliczkae (Kurz ex C.B. Clarke) Holub | LiuJQ0028 (KUN) | China | MN067524* | MK416130* |
| Gentianella stoliczkae (Kurz ex C.B. Clarke) Holub | LiuJQ0071 (KUN) | China | MN067525* | MK416131* |
| Gentianella stoliczkae (Kurz ex C.B. Clarke) Holub | O. Anders 8178 (M 50043) | N/A | AJ406344/AJ406372 | AJ294625/AJ294685 |
| Gentianella sulphurea (Gilg) Fabris | J.L. Clarke 1833 (QCNE) | N/A | – | AJ294626/AJ294686 |
| Gentianella thyrsoidea (Hook. f.) Fabris | D.N. Smith, F. Escalona 10134 (MO) | N/A | – | AJ294627/AJ294687 |
| Gentianella tristicha (Gilg) Fabris ex T.N. Ho & S.W. Liu | D.N. Smith, F. Escalona 10125 (MO) | N/A | – | AJ294628/AJ294688 |
| Gentianella umbellata (M. Bieb.) Holub | K91-G3 | Georgia | – | Z48102/Z48132 |
| Gentianella wislizenii (Engelm.) J.M. Gillett | M. Lavin 4947 (TEX) | N/A | – | AJ294630/AJ294690 |
| Gentianopsis barbata (Froel.) Ma | xuechy090085 (KUN) | China | KC861287 | KC861358 |
| Gentianopsis crinita (Froel.) Ma | N/A (MJG) | Germany (Mainz Bot. Garden), cultivated | AJ406345/AJ406373 | AJ294631/AJ294691 |
| Halenia elliptica D. Don | GLM-081543 (KUN) | China | KC861242 | KC861310 |
| Halenia palmeri A. Gray | K.B.v. Hagen 98/41 (MJG) | N/A | - | AJ294632/AJ294692 |
| Jaeschkea oligosperma (Griseb.) Knobl. | R. McBeath 2300 (E 00025275) | N/A | AJ388171/AJ388241 | AJ294633/AJ294693 |
| Lomatogonium bellum (Hemsl.) H. Smith | GLM-06075 (KUN) | China | KC861237 | KC861305 |
| Lomatogonium carinthiacum (Wulfen) Rchb. | V. Zuev 6649 (BR) | N/A | AJ406346/AJ406374 | AJ294634/AJ294694 |
| Lomatogonium forrestii (I.B. Balfour) Fernald | XHC120061 (KUN) | China | KC861261 | KC861332 |
| Lomatogonium gamosepalum (Burkill) H. Smith | GLM-081372 (KUN 1272996) | China | KC861241 | KC861309 |
| Lomatogonium oreocharis (Diels) C. Marquand | CLD-90 1106 (K) | N/A | AJ388174/AJ388244 | AJ294635/AJ294695 |
| Megacodon stylophorus (C.B. Clarke) H. Smith | GLM-081957 (KUN) | China | KC861245 | KC861313 |
| Megacodon stylophorus (C.B. Clarke) H. Smith | Kuming, Edinburgh, Gothenburgh Exp. 1378 (E 00025279) | China | AJ388177/AJ388247 | AJ294636/AJ294696 |
| Swertia bifolia Batalin | Chensl0388 (KUN) | China | KC861229 | KC861298 |
| Swertia bimaculata (Sieb. & Zucc.) Hook. f. & Thomson ex C.B. Clarke | XHC120026 (KUN) | China | KC861264 | KC861335 |
| Swertia bimaculata (Sieb. & Zucc.) Hook. f. & Thomson ex C.B. Clarke | XCY090050 (KUN) | China | JF956557 | JF978820 |
| Swertia cincta Burkill | XCY090098 (KUN) | China | JF956561 | JF978823 |
| Swertia crassiuscula Gilg | U. Hecker 1094 (MJG) | N/A | AJ406347/AJ406375 | AJ294637/AJ294697 |
| Swertia decora Franch. | XCY090077 (KUN) | China | JF956567 | JF978825 |
| Swertia erythrosticta Maxim. | xuechy090044 (KUN) | China | KC861267 | KC861338 |
| Swertia franchetiana H. Smith | XHC120048 (KUN) | China | KC861256 | KC861326 |
| Swertia japonica (Schult.) Makino | N/A (KYO) | Japan (Kyoto Bot. Garden), cultivated | AJ406348/AJ406376 | AJ294638/AJ294698 |
| Swertia macrosperma (C.B. Clarke) C.B. Clarke | XHC120060 (KUN) | China | KC861260 | KC861331 |
| Swertia macrosperma (C.B. Clarke) C.B. Clarke | J.H. de Haas 2765 (U 500099) | N/A | AJ406349/AJ406377 | AJ294639/AJ294699 |
| Swertia nervosa (G. Don) Wall. ex C.B. Clarke | XHC120053 (KUN) | China | KC861258 | KC861328 |
| Swertia patens Burkill | 09CS1123 (KIB) | China | KC861233 | KC861302 |
| Swertia perennis L. | K.B. Hungerer (MJG) | N/A | – | AJ294640/AJ294700 |
| Swertia punicea Hemsl. | 19943574 | Scotland (Edinburgh Bot. Garden), cultivated | AJ406350/AJ406378 | AJ294641/AJ294701 |
| Swertia racemosa (Wall. ex Griseb.) C.B. Clarke | J.H. de Haas 2725 (U 500131) | N/A | AJ406351/AJ406379 | AJ294642/AJ294702 |
| Swertia volkensii Gilg | U. Hecker 1093 (MJG) | N/A | AJ406352/AJ406380 | AJ294643/AJ294703 |
| Swertia yunnanensis Burkill | XCY090089 (KUN) | China | JF956585 | JF978836 |
| Veratrilla baillonii Franch. | Kuming, Edinburgh, Gothenburgh Exp. 1326 (E 00025273) | China | AJ388196/AJ388266 | AJ294644/AJ294704 |
* indicates the taxon was newly sequenced in the present study.