Fig. 3.

Schematic of the VE and criterion task during learning phase. a The VE comprised four boundaries, each with a unique texture. The long axis of two of the boundaries spanned North-South, and two spanned East–West. The VE was surrounded by four global landmarks rendered at infinity that provided information regarding cardinal direction in the environment. Each side of the boundary created an allocentric boundary either to the North (N), South (S), East (E), or West (W). b In the learning phase the participant wore an HMD and controlled their orientation by physically rotating on the spot whereas translations were controlled via a button press. During exploration, the participant was required to collect all blue tokens and activate all red sensors located on the different sides of the boundaries. c After exploring the environment, the participant completed a JRD task in which they were presented with one of the four global landmarks and asked to indicate the relative direction to another global landmark; the landmarks shown here are the City (pictured to the left) and Cathedral (pictured to the right). Participants were allowed to move on to the scanned test phase only after answering all JRD questions correctly