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. 2019 Sep 5;10:4020. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-12045-4

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — Proposed mechanism of ethylene-induced hypoxia tolerance upon submergence. I Upon submergence ethylene (C₂H₄) accumulates within minutes in plant tissues due to restricted gas diffusion. II+III Ethylene perception leads to EIN2 and EIN3EIL1 dependent signalling and enhanced production of NO-scavenger PHYTOGLOBIN1 (PGB1) within 1 h of ethylene signalling. IV+V Within 4 h, these enhanced PGB1 levels lead to NO depletion, in turn limiting PRT6 N-degron pathway targeted proteolysis of RAP-type group VII Ethylene Response Factor transcription factors (ERVIIs). V+VII Stabilized ERFVIIs translocate to the nucleus where they induce enhanced hypoxia gene expression only when O₂ deprivation occurs. This amplified hypoxia response increases hypoxia tolerance of Arabidopsis root and shoot apical meristems (created with BioRender.com)