Table 4.

Organizational factors that influence ageing workforce and the relevant proxies by the reviewed articles

Organizational factors	Description	Proxies	Authors
Institution	Restores social benefits plan to prolong worker in the workforce	Pension, social insurance	Carmichael and Ercolani (2015) and Hennekam (2016)
	Age-friendly work environment that assists in sustaining the performance of ageing workforce	Flexible working hours, optimal job rotation schedules, counselling services	Koopman-Boyden and Macdonald (2003), Boenzi et al. (2014), Killam and Weber (2014) and Ryan et al. (2017)
Human capital	The role of education in shaping knowledge and experience among individual	Higher education	Badea and Rogojanu (2012)
	Training increases worker productivity	Firm-sponsored classroom (FSC) training	Dostie and Léger (2014)
	Literacy and skill training are important for workers to maintain their productivity level.	Financial literacy, skill training	Clark et al. (2013)
	Training is an important strategy to retain older workers at work	On-the-job training	Picchio and Van Ours (2013) and Sarti and Torre (2018)
	Investment in post-schooling and trainings determined the current rate of technological change in the workplace	Post-schooling and training	Song (2012) and Sarti and Torre (2018)
	Work experiences contribute to the individuals’ development	Work experience	Venneberg and Wilkinson (2008)
Human resource management	Workplace age stereotypes	Motivation level, participation in training and development, physical and mental fitness	Ng and Feldman (2012), Ravichandran et al. (2015), Bilinska et al. (2016) and Rego et al. (2017)
	Age discrimination in the workplace	Conflict with young workers, treat older employee in fair manner	Armstrong-Stassen and Schlosser (2011), Ravichandran et al. (2015), Bilinska et al. (2016) and Rego et al. (2017)
Technology tools	Technology tools in the workplace may improve the performance of workforce	Digital human modelling, artificial intelligence	Choi (2009) and Case et al. (2015)
		Ergonomic	Gonzalez and Morer (2016)
	Promoting digital skills at the workplace (technology)	Information and communication technology	Lissitsa et al. (2017), Sarti and Torre (2018)
Health	Physical exercises expected to delay the declines in the physical and cognitive functioning	Physical exercise	Koopman-Boyden and Macdonald (2003)
	Flexible work arrangement to overcome musculoskeletal disorder pain	Minimize shift work for older employee, telework, rest break	Armstrong-Stassen and Schlosser (2011), Mahesa et al. (2017) and Wendsche et al. (2016, 2017a, b)
	Frequent health observations to monitor the health conditions of older employees	Medical examination	Ryan et al. (2017), Hertel and Zacher (2018)