Figure 1. Pulmonary vascular remodeling pattern in PF‐PH patients is distinct from patients with PF alone.

• A
  Masson's trichrome representative images of pulmonary fibrosis and quantification.
• B–D
  Relative transcript expression of (B) fibronectin, (C) collagen I, and (D) collagen III to GAPDH.
• E
  Masson's trichrome representative images of vascular wall thickening and quantification.
• F
  Masson's trichrome representative images and correlation between lung fibrosis and vascular wall thickness in PF and PF‐PH patients. Out of the 14 PF and PF‐PH patients, 3 of them had no non‐fibrotic area and therefore were excluded for comparison between non‐fibrotic and fibrotic areas (n = 11/group; Ashcroft score non‐fibrosis: 0–2; mild fibrosis: 3–5; severe fibrosis > 5) (* compared to non‐fibrotic areas of the same group of patients).
• G
  Masson's trichrome representative images of vascular wall thickening in non‐fibrotic area (Ashcroft score 0–2) and fibrotic area (Ashcroft score > 2) and quantification in PF and PF‐PH.

Data information: Values are expressed as mean ± SEM. The number of samples per group for each experiment is written within each bar graph. Statistical test: panels (A, E–G): ANOVA; panels (B–D): t‐test (* versus Ctrl, † versus PF, ! versus PAH, $ versus PF‐PH; **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001, ^†††† P < 0.0001, ^!!! P = 0.0001, ^!!!! P < 0.0001, ^$$$$ P < 0.0001).