Table 1.

Descriptive statistics for the full sample and by child’s race/ethnicity, mean or proportion and (standard deviation).

	Full sample (N=142,407)		NH white (N=70,920)		NH black (N=23,287)			Hispanic (N=39,366)			Asian (N=8834)
Child has asthma diagnosis	0.06		0.04		0.13	***		0.07	***		0.04
Total number of visits, 2011–2012	2.98	(2.13)	3.13	(2.23)	2.74	(1.87)	***	2.95	(2.16)	***	2.64	(1.70)	***
Child is male	0.52		0.51		0.51			0.52			0.52
Child’s age (years)	5.71	(3.22)	5.78	(3.27)	5.81	(3.20)		5.66	(3.13)	***	5.17	(3.10)	***
Insurance Status
Private	0.72		0.90		0.48		***	0.48		***	0.91
Public	0.28		0.10		0.52		***	0.52		***	0.09
Neighborhood Characteristics
Environmental
Average ozone concentration, 2010–2012	25.91	(1.05)	26.22	(1.09)	25.58	(0.85)	***	25.60	(0.98)	***	25.70	(0.72)	***
Average PM2.5 concentration, 2010–2012	10.38	(0.42)	10.31	(0.35)	10.46	(0.44)	***	10.50	(0.48)	***	10.20	(0.30)	***
PM2.5 quartile 1 (low)	0.19		0.21		0.15		***	0.14		***	0.33		***
PM2.5 quartile 2	0.28		0.27		0.30		***	0.27		***	0.33		***
PM2.5 quartile 3	0.32		0.40		0.22		***	0.25		***	0.29		***
PM2.5 quartile 4 (high)	0.21		0.12		0.33		***	0.34		***	0.05		***
Socioeconomic
Concentrated disadvantage (std)	0.00	(1.00)	−0.41	(0.67)	0.71	(1.25)	***	0.43	(0.98)	***	−0.46	(0.66)	***
Race/Ethnic Composition
Percent co-ethnic	0.50	(0.26)	0.62	(0.20)	0.35	(0.25)	***	0.45	(0.25)	***	0.15	(0.11)	***

^*p < 0.01

^**p < 0.05

^***p < 0.001

sig. differences between NH white children and indicated race/ethnic group.

Note: Co-ethnic represents the percent of neighborhood residents who share the respondent’s race/ethnicity.