Table 2.
Cross-classified logistic regression predicting asthma diagnosis, children ages 2–12.
| Model 1 |
Model 2 |
Model 3 |
Model 4 |
Model 5 |
Model 6 |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| O.R. | C.I. | O.R. | C.I. | O.R. | C.I. | O.R. | C.I. | O.R. | C.I. | O.R. | C.I. | |
| Total number of visits, 2011–2012 | 1.33 | (1.32, 1.35) | 1.33 | (1.32, 1.34) | 1.33 | (1.32,1.34) | 1.33 | (1.32,1.34) | 1.33 | (1.32,1.34) | 1.33 | (1.32,1.34) |
| Child’s race/ethnicity | ||||||||||||
| Non-Hispanic white | (Ref.) | (Ref.) | (Ref.) | (Ref.) | (Ref.) | |||||||
| Non-Hispanic black | 2.93 | (2.74, 3.14) | 2.84 | (2.65, 3.04) | 2.86 | (2.67,3.06) | 2.79 | (2.60,3.00) | 2.59 | (2.39,2.80) | 1.95 | (1.68,2.26) |
| Hispanic | 1.34 | (1.26, 1.43) | 1.29 | (1.21, 1.38) | 1.30 | (1.22,1.40) | 1.29 | (1.20,1.38) | 1.22 | (1.14,1.32) | 0.97 | (0.82,1.14) |
| Asian | 1.28 | (1.14, 1.44) | 1.29 | (1.15, 1.44) | 1.29 | (1.15,1.45) | 1.30 | (1.15,1.45) | 1.18 | (1.04,1.33) | 0.83 | (0.67,1.04) |
| Child is male | 1.53 | (1.46, 1.60) | 1.53 | (1.46, 1.60) | 1.53 | (1.46,1.60) | 1.53 | (1.46,1.60) | 1.53 | (1.46,1.60) | 1.53 | (1.46,1.60) |
| Child’s age (years) | 1.08 | (1.07, 1.08) | 1.08 | (1.07, 1.08) | 1.08 | (1.07,1.08) | 1.08 | (1.07,1.08) | 1.08 | (1.07,1.08) | 1.08 | (1.07,1.08) |
| Insurance status | ||||||||||||
| Private | (Ref.) | (Ref.) | (Ref.) | (Ref.) | ||||||||
| Public | 1.21 | (1.14, 1.29) | 1.21 | (1.14,1.29) | 1.19 | (1.12,1.27) | 1.19 | (1.12,1.27) | 1.19 | (1.12,1.27) | ||
| Neighborhood Characteristics | ||||||||||||
| Population density (ln) | 0.98 | (0.96,1.01) | 0.97 | (0.95,1.00) | 0.99 | (0.96,1.01) | 0.98 | (0.95,1.01) | ||||
| Environmental | ||||||||||||
| PM2.5 quartile 1 (Low) | (Ref.) | (Ref.) | (Ref.) | |||||||||
| PM2.5 quartile 2 | 0.99 | (0.91,1.08) | 0.98 | (0.90,1.07) | 1.00 | (0.92,1.09) | ||||||
| PM2.5 quartile 3 | 0.94 | (0.85,1.04) | 0.94 | (0.85,1.04) | 0.96 | (0.87,1.07) | ||||||
| PM2.5 quartile 4 (High) | 0.93 | (0.82,1.05) | 0.92 | (0.81,1.04) | 0.93 | (0.82,1.05) | ||||||
| Average ozone concentration, 2010–2012 | 1.01 | (0.97,1.06) | 1.02 | (0.97,1.06) | 1.03 | (0.99,1.08) | ||||||
| Socioeconomic | ||||||||||||
| Concentrated disadvantage (std) | 1.04 | (1.01,1.07) | 1.06 | (1.03,1.09) | 1.03 | (1.00,1.07) | ||||||
| Race/Ethnic Composition | ||||||||||||
| Percent co-ethnic | 0.80 | (0.72,0.89) | 0.54 | (0.43,0.67) | ||||||||
| Race/Ethnic Composition * Child Race/Ethnicity | ||||||||||||
| NHW * white co-ethnic | (Ref.) | |||||||||||
| NHB * black co-ethnic | 2.01 | (1.46,2.76) | ||||||||||
| H * Hispanic co-ethnic | 1.63 | (1.18,2.24) | ||||||||||
| A * Asian co-ethnic | 3.26 | (1.32,8.04) | ||||||||||
| Intercept (SE) | 0.01 | (0.01,0.01) | 0.01 | (0.01,0.01) | 0.01 | (0.00,0.02) | 0.01 | (0.01,0.01) | 0.01 | (0.00,0.02) | ||
| Random Effects Estimates | ||||||||||||
| Clinics | 0.65 | (0.53,0.81) | 0.63 | (0.51,0.77) | 0.63 | (0.51,0.77) | 0.62 | (0.50,0.77) | 0.62 | (0.50,0.76) | ||
| Neighborhoods | 0.10 | (0.06,0.17) | 0.09 | (0.05,0.17) | 0.09 | (0.05,0.17) | 0.09 | (0.05,0.17) | 0.08 | (0.04,0.17) | ||
| N=142,407 | ||||||||||||
Note: Children are cross-classified by neighborhoods and by clinic. For the fixed effect estimates, odds ratios (O.R.) are presented along with 95% confidence intervals. The intercept is a parameter estimate presented with its standard error in parentheses. Random effect estimates are presented as parameters and 95% confidence intervals.
Note: NHW: non-Hispanic white; NHB: non-Hispanic black; H: Hispanic; A: Asian.