Table 4.
Association between risk factors and schistosomiasis prevalence (S. haematobium or S. mansoni)
| Risk factors | % (n/N) | Adjusted ORa (95% CI) |
P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Latrine (household level) | Improved | 2.9 (470/16,111) | 0.45 (0.41–0.51) | < 0.001 |
| Unimproved | 6.1 (3805/62,507) | 0.88 (0.82–0.93) | < 0.001 | |
| No latrine | 7.2 (1495/20,779) | ref | ||
| Latrine (school level) | Improved | 4.9 (2307/46,813) | 0.75 (0.70–0.81) | < 0.001 |
| Unimproved | 5.8 (1701/29,180) | 0.82 (0.77–0.89) | < 0.001 | |
| No latrine | 7.3 (1825/25,090) | ref | ||
| Open defecation | Yes | 7.4 (1394/18,796) | 1.50 (1.35–1.66) | < 0.001 |
| No | 5.4 (4439/82,287) | ref | ||
| Water (household level) | Improved | 5.7 (5139/90,444) | 0.92 (0.84–1.02) | 0.13 |
| Unimproved | 6.5 (694/10,639) | ref | ||
| Water (school level) | Improved | 5.6 (4727/84,912) | 1.05 (0.96–1.14) | 0.29 |
| Unimproved | 6.8 (1106/16,171) | ref | ||
| Sex | Female | 4.3 (1944/45,280) | 0.63 (0.58–0.69) | < 0.001 |
| Male | 7.1 (3826/54,117) | ref | ||
| Routine water contact (contact with water bodies more than 2 times a weekb) | Yes | 10.1 (3866/38,445) | 2.96 (2.79–3.15) | < 0.001 |
| No | 3.1 (1904/60,952) | ref | ||
| Water contact type | Fetching water | 9.9 (1355/13,718) | 1.35 (1.26–1.44) | < 0.001 |
| Bathing | 13.3 (1700/12,770) | 1.70 (1.59–1.81) | < 0.001 | |
| Washing clothes | 14.3 (1013/7060) | 1.94 (1.80–2.10) | < 0.001 | |
| Farming | 10.2 (241/2362) | 1.11 (0.96–1.28) | < 0.001 | |
| Swimming | 11.9 (1909/16,034) | 1.82 (1.71–1.94) | < 0.001 | |
| Watering livestock | 20.0 (1068/5348) | 2.32 (2.14–2.51) | < 0.001 | |
| Fishing | 11.2 (62/552) | 0.89 (0.67–1.18) | 0.42 | |
| No routine water contact | 3.1 (1904/60,952) | ref |
aLatrine (household/school): adjusted for age, sex, water (household, school), latrine (school/household); water (household/school): adjusted for age, sex, latrine (household, school), water (school/household); open defecation: adjusted for age, sex, water (household, school), latrine (school); sex: adjusted for water (household, school), latrine (household, school); water contact: adjusted for age, sex, water (household, school), latrine (household, school)
bRiver, stream, lake, irrigation canal, reservoir