Table 1.

Synthesis of M-level education outputs, outcomes and impact

		Description	Data Source
Outputs	Successful collaborative work and student’s engagement	Successful formation and support of learning groups that facilitate collaborative peer interaction	[33–35]
	Perceiving relevance	The perception of relevance to practice leads to engagement	[36–38]
	Deconstructing knowledge	Questioning the effectiveness of practice and level of criticality that leads to reconstruction of M-level knowledge	[36, 39–42]
Outcomes	High level critical thinking skills and/or analysis	Locate and understand arguments, relationships, make sound inferences, and warranted conclusions.	[6, 34, 36, 38, 40, 43–50]
	High level clinical reasoning skills	Context-bounded cognitive processes used for clinical decision-making that draw on advanced level of knowledge	[6, 34, 36, 40, 42, 44, 46, 50–53]
	High confidence and motivation to practice	Developing senses of efficacy and advocacy that motivate graduates for clinical practice	[6, 34, 38, 41, 44, 47, 54, 55]
	High level communication skills	Effective communication with patients, colleagues, and other healthcare graduates	[33, 36, 44, 49, 52, 56, 57]
	Becoming lifelong learner	Motivation for professional development and learning from practice	[36, 39, 43, 44, 47, 48, 52, 58]
	Enhanced sense of autonomy	Ability to function without direct support	[36, 42, 43, 52]
	Enhanced career progression	Getting promoted or movement to advanced level career	[6, 38, 39, 41, 44, 47, 49, 54, 57, 59–62]
Impact	Management complex patient presentation	Understanding complex patient presentation, creative non-routine practice, understanding healthcare system, and demonstrating flexibility in role choices	[42, 45, 56, 60, 63]
	Assuming research, leadership and management positions	Driving changes in practice and service delivery and supporting clinical-based research	[56, 57, 64]
	Assuming teaching roles	Collegial teaching duties, supporting peer’s learning, and involvement in university education	[35, 36, 41, 47, 50, 52, 64, 65]
	Reduced direct patient care	Assuming more managerial, research, and teaching duties at the expense of direct patient care	[6, 43]
	Increased retention rate	Increased motivation to stay in clinical practice	[35, 44, 50]
	Patient Care	Describing change to direct patient care routine like earlier recovery and ability to self-manage	[49, 52, 65, 66]