Table 4.
Determinants of overweight/obesity among women of reproductive age in India1,2
| Characteristics | Asian | WHO | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| COR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | COR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | |
| Age (in years) | ||||
| 15–19 (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 20–29 | 2.76 (2.66–2.87) | 1.84 (1.79–1.90) | 2.99 (2.84–3.16) | 1.95 (1.87–2.03) |
| 30–39 | 5.53 (5.33–5.73) | 3.68 (3.56–3.79) | 6.21 (5.89–6.55) | 3.96 (3.80–4.13) |
| 40–49 | 7.24 (6.97–7.51) | 5.00 (4.84–5.17) | 8.18 (7.75–8.63) | 5.38 (5.15–5.61) |
| Parity | ||||
| Never pregnant (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 1–4 | 2.93 (2.86–3.00) | 1.11 (1.08–1.14) | 3.08 (2.99–3.18) | 1.13 (1.09–1.16) |
| ≥ 5 | 2.15 (2.07–2.22) | 1.03 (0.99–1.07) | 2.27 (2.17–2.36) | 1.11 (1.07–1.16) |
| Hormonal contraceptive use | ||||
| No (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 1.18 (1.12–1.23) | 1.05 (1.02–1.08) | 1.06 (1.01–1.12) | 0.99 (0.96–1.02) |
| Marital status | ||||
| Never married (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Married | 3.35 (3.27–3.45) | 1.54 (1.49–1.59) | 3.76 (3.62–3.90) | 1.65 (1.59–1.72) |
| Widowed | 3.68 (3.48–3.89) | 1.38 (1.32–1.44) | 4.07 (3.80–4.35) | 1.50 (1.42–1.58) |
| Divorced/separated | 2.92 (2.69–3.18) | 1.29 (1.21–1.37) | 3.36 (3.04–3.72) | 1.49 (1.39–1.60) |
| Religion | ||||
| Hindu | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Muslim | 1.18 (1.14–1.21) | 1.30 (1.28–1.33) | 1.23 (1.18–1.28) | 1.36 (1.34–1.39) |
| Others (Ref.) | 1.33 (1.28–1.38) | 1.18 (1.15–1.21) | 1.33 (1.27–1.39) | 1.13 (1.10–1.16) |
| Caste | ||||
| Scheduled caste | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Scheduled tribe | 0.61 (0.58–0.64) | 0.84 (0.82–0.86) | 0.57 (0.54–0.60) | 0.78 (0.75–0.80) |
| Other backward class | 1.18 (1.15–1.22) | 0.99 (0.98–1.01) | 1.23 (1.18–1.27) | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) |
| Other (Ref.) | 1.55 (1.50–1.60) | 1.14 (1.12–1.16) | 1.61 (1.55–1.67) | 1.16 (1.13–1.19) |
| Education | ||||
| No formal education (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Primary | 1.28 (1.24–1.32) | 1.18 (1.15–1.20) | 1.34 (1.30–1.39) | 1.19 (1.16–1.22) |
| Secondary | 1.25 (1.22–1.28) | 1.28 (1.26–1.30) | 1.35 (1.32–1.39) | 1.29 (1.26–1.32) |
| Higher | 1.52 (1.46–1.57) | 1.23 (1.20–1.27) | 1.54 (1.48–1.60) | 1.20 (1.17–1.24) |
| Wealth quintile | ||||
| Poorest (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Poorer | 1.73 (1.67–1.78) | 1.53 (1.49–1.57) | 1.92 (1.84–2.01) | 1.69 (1.64–1.75) |
| Middle | 2.71 (2.62–2.79) | 2.19 (2.14–2.25) | 3.22 (3.09–3.36) | 2.60 (2.52–2.68) |
| Richer | 4.13 (4.00–4.26) | 3.03 (2.95–3.10) | 5.15 (4.94–5.36) | 3.74 (3.62–3.87) |
| Richest | 5.59 (5.41–5.79) | 3.90 (3.79–4.01) | 6.93 (6.64–7.23) | 4.83 (4.66–5.00) |
| Place of residence | ||||
| Urban | 2.15 (2.10–2.20) | 1.28 (1.26–1.30) | 2.28 (2.22–2.34) | 1.32 (1.30–1.34) |
| Rural (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Region | ||||
| Central | 0.64 (0.62–0.66) | 0.75 (0.74–0.77) | 0.64 (0.62–0.66) | 0.76 (0.74–0.79) |
| Eastern | 0.77 (0.75–0.80) | 0.97 (0.95–0.99) | 0.75 (0.73–0.78) | 1.02 (0.99–1.04) |
| Northeastern | 0.73 (0.71–0.76) | 0.98 (0.96–1.00) | 0.65 (0.62–0.68) | 0.92 (0.89–0.94) |
| Northern (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Southern | 1.56 (1.51–1.61) | 1.26 (1.23–1.28) | 1.58 (1.53–1.64) | 1.29 (1.27–1.32) |
| Western | 1.08 (1.05–1.12) | 0.85 (0.83–0.87) | 1.12 (1.08–1.17) | 0.87 (0.85–0.89) |
1. Asian and WHO classifications categorize overweight/obesity as BMI ≥23 and ≥ 25 Kg/m2, respectively
2. The p values were below < 0.05 when the 95% confidence interval did not include 1
AOR Adjusted odds ratio, COR Crude odds ratio, CI Confidence interval, WHO World Health Organization
: p < 0.05,: p < 0.01,: p < 0.001