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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Sep 6.
Published in final edited form as: Chem Soc Rev. 2018 May 21;47(10):3433–3469. doi: 10.1039/c7cs00818j

Fig. 16.

Fig. 16

Atom-transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) can be used for high loading of Gd–DTPA within the P22 VLP. In the first step, an internal cysteine is labeled with a radical initiator (2-bromoisobutyryl maleimide, 1). Next poly-2-aminoethyl methacryalate (AEMA) is formed via ATRP. In the last step, the amino groups can be modified with FITC dye (2) or GD-DTPA-NCS (3). Figure reproduced from ref. 216 with permission from Nature Publishing Group, copyright 2012.