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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Sep 6.
Published in final edited form as: Chem Soc Rev. 2018 May 21;47(10):3433–3469. doi: 10.1039/c7cs00818j

Table 1.

Commonly used methods of exterior (and in some cases, interior) modification of protein cages discussed in this section

Method of modification Examples
Genetic

  • Amino acid modification (addition, deletion, mutation)

  • Phage display

  • Fusion proteins

  • Isopeptide formation (sortase)

  • Split protein complementation (SpyTag/SpyCatcher)
Covalent (bioconjugation)

  • Amino acid labeling (cysteine, lysine, glutamate, aspartate, tyrosine)

  • Specific labeling at protein termini

  • Incorporation of non-natural amino acids

  • Atom transfer radical polymerization

  • PEGylation
Non-covalent genetic

  • Decoration protein (Dec)

  • Biotin/streptavidin