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a–d, pERK immunostaining in the dorsal horn of intact rats after intrathecal injection of saline (a), NMDA (0.5 μg; b), substance P (SP) (10 μg; c), and BDNF (5 μg; d). Animals were perfused 10 min after the injection. Scale bars, 100 μm. e, Numbers of pERK-IR neurons per 15-μm-thick section in the superficial (laminas I-II) dorsal horn. ANOVA indicates an overall effect of these agents on pERK expression (F(3,12)=57.595; p<0.0001). *p<0.01, compared with control (n = 4).
