Top, Anterior insula activation by (CMC at 1000 cP – control) and (sucrose – control), as revealed by conjunction analysis. The sagittal slice on the right shows the anteroposterior extent of this activation. Bottom, Average time courses (across trials and subjects) for CMC at 1000 cP and sucrose from the anterior insula voxel indicated by the crosshairs. The time course data reveal a robust response for both types of stimuli (i.e., unimodal oral somatosensory and unimodal taste) in this part of the human insula. The image was thresholded at p < 0.0001, uncorrected to show the extent of the activation. R, Right.