2P-FLIM of the olfactory epithelium. A, 2P-FLIM recordings from MQAE-loaded olfactory epithelium yield different fluorescence lifetimes in dendritic knobs and supporting cells. The lower value measured in knobs indicates a higher intracellular Cl- concentration compared with supporting cells. Np indicates the normalized number of photons analyzed for fluorescence lifetime. B, Fluorescence intensity image (left) and fluorescence lifetime image (right) of the same area of mouse olfactory epithelium loaded with MQAE. The outlines of supporting cells (SC) can be seen in both images. Dendritic knobs (DK), however, can be more easily discerned in the false-color 2P-FLIM representation where warmer colors indicate higher levels of [Cl-]i. In the top right corner, the epithelial surface retreats below the focal plane, and only the protruding dendritic knobs remain visible. Scale bar, 10 μm.