Figure 1.

AICAR inhibits LPS-induced cytokine synthesis in a dose-dependent manner. Primary rat astrocytes (a), primary microglia (b), and peritoneal macrophages (c) were incubated for 2 hr with different concentrations of AICAR as indicated, followed by LPS (1 μg/ml) treatment for 24 hr. We measured the concentration of TNFα (left), IL-1β (middle), and IL-6 (right) released in the medium using ELISA. For TNFα levels, media were taken out at 6 hr of LPS treatment, whereas for IL-1β and IL-6, media were taken out at 24 hr. Results are the means ± SD of four determinations. ^*p < 0.001 compared with LPS treatment; ^#p < 0.001 compared with control.