Table 5.
Comparison of the effects on energy balance of intermittent treatment with morphine for either 4 or 8 d and HPA activity during early (12 hr) and late (8 d) withdrawal
|
|
4 d morphine treatment |
8 d morphine treatment |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
12 hr withdrawal |
8 d withdrawal |
12 hr withdrawal |
8 d withdrawal |
||
| Body weight gain | ↓ | = | ↓ ↓ | ↑ | ||
| Food intake | ↓ | = | ↓ ↓ | = | ||
| Caloric efficiency | ↓ | = | ↓ ↓ | ↑ | ||
| Leptin concentration | ↓ | = | ↓ | = | ||
| Insulin concentration | ↓ | = | ↓ | = | ||
| White fat depot weights | = | = | ↓ | = | ||
| Testosterone concentration | ↓ | = | ↓ | = | ||
| Adrenal size | ↑ | = | ↑ | ↑ | ||
| Thymus size | = | ↓ | = | ↓ ↓ | ||
| Basal ACTH | = | = | = ↑ | = | ||
| Stress ACTH | ↑ | = ↓ | ↑ ↑ | ↓ ↓ | ||
| Basal corticosterone | = | = | = | = | ||
| Stress corticosterone | = ↑ | = | ↑ ↑ | = | ||
| Basal PVN CRF mRNA | = ↑ | ND | ↑ | = | ||
| Stress PVN CRF mRNA | ↑ | ND | ↑ | ↑ | ||
| Barrington's CRF mRNA | ↑ | ND | ↑ | ↑ | ||
| BNST CRF mRNA | ↓ | ND | ↑ | = | ||
| Amygdala CRF mRNA | = | ND | ↓ | ↑ | ||
| Parvocellular PVN AVP mRNA |
= |
ND |
↑ |
= |
||
The effects of early and late withdrawal are compared with the responses observed in the appropriate control (vehicle-treated) group. The results from 4 d of morphine treatment have been reported previously (Houshyar et al., 2003a). ↓, ↑, and = indicate reduced, increased, or equal response compared with the control group, respectively. An increasing number of arrows indicates a more dramatic difference from the control response. ND, Not determined.