Electrical stimulation of the inserted T13 nerve evokes spinal neural activity. Surface recordings are shown from three representative experiments: immediately after nerve insertion (top tracing, 0 weeks), 14 weeks after insertion (middle tracing), and 15 weeks after insertion (bottom tracing). A short-latency volley was recorded in all three experiments (shaded column), but longer-latency, presumably postsynaptic, responses (arrows), were recorded only after the inserted nerve was allowed to regenerate. Inset, Schematic showing the recording configuration. We cut the T13 nerve between its origin and insertion (arrow and circle) to eliminate any contributions of antidromic activation. Calibration, 160 μV.