Table 1.
Mechanisms of reported and possible chemotherapeutic actions of tetrac/Nanotetrac/Nano-diamino-tetrac.
| Action | Example | Effects | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chemosensitization | Efflux of doxorubicin, P-gp effect; | ↓ | (81, 99, 117) |
| Efficiency of chemotherapeutic agents | ↑ | (124) | |
| Radiosensitization | Repair of radiation-induced DSB. Radiation-induced activation of integrin αvβ3 | ↓ | (101, 125) |
| Cell survival gene expression | Antiapoptotic genes (XIAP, MCL-1) | ↓ | (101, 102) |
| Proapoptotic genes (e.g., CASP2, BC2L14) | ↑ | (106) | |
| Stress-defense genes (e.g., HIF-1α) | ↓ | (5, 106, 122) | |
| Oncogene K-ras WT and mutated | ↑ | (126, 127) | |
| Cell cycle | Cyclins and cyclin-dependent protein kinase genes | ↓ | (106) |
| Growth factors pathways | EGFR gene expression and function | ↓ | (102, 122) |
| Vascular calcification, ectopic mineralization | ↓ | (102, 106, 107) | |
| Wnt/β-catenin | ↓ | (106) | |
| Cytokines | IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6 | ↓ | (101, 106) |
| IL-11 | ↑ | ||
| Chemokines | CXCL2, CXCL3, CX3CL1, CCL20, CCL26, CXCL12 | ↓ | (128, 129) |
| CXCL10 | ↑ | ||
| miRNA | miRNA15A | ↑ | (101, 104, 106) |
| miRNA21 | ↓ | (105) | |
| Immunotherapy | Immune checkpoint PD-1/PDL-1, HMGA2 | ↓ | (116–119) |
Modified from Davis et al. (101). ↑ increase, ↓ decrease.