Table 5.

Effect of Thiazide Diuretics In Vitro on Vascular Constriction¹.

						Effect on Contractility2,3
Species	Preparation	Method	Hypertension	Agonist	Inhibitor	TZD	Compared to TZD alone	Reference
Guinea pig	Mesenteric a.	Isometric	No	NE	none	↓	N/A	Calder et al., 1992
				NE	Glib	N/A	–
				NE	Indo	N/A	–
				NE	CTX	N/A	↓
				NE	-Endo	N/A	–
				KCl	none	–	NA
				KCl + Ca2+	none	↓	N/A	Calder et al., 1993
				KCl + Ca2+	IBT	N/A	↓
				NE	none	↓	NA	Calder et al., 1994
				NE	Apamin	N/A	–
				NE	Glib	N/A	–
				NE	Phen	N/A	–
				NE	CTX	N/A	↓
				NE	none	↓	N/A	Pickkers and Hughes, 1995
				NE	CTX	N/A	↓
				NE + Ca2+	KCl	N/A	↓
				NE	none	↓4	N/A	Pickkers et al., 1999
				NE	CTX	N/A	↓
Human	Internal mammary a.	Isometric	Yes5	NE	none	↓	N/A	Afsar et al., 2016
				NE	Glib	N/A	–
				NE	CTX	N/A	↓
				KCl	none	–	N/A
	Mesenteric a.	Isometric	No	NE	none	↓	N/A	Colas et al., 2001
			Essential6	NE	none	↓	N/A
	Sub- cutaneous a.	Isometric	No	NE	none	↓	N/A	Calder et al., 1992
				NE	Glib	N/A	–
				NE	Indo	N/A	–
				NE	CTX	N/A	↓
Mouse	Aorta	Isometric	No7	Phe	none	–	N/A	Alshahrani et al., 2017a
	Mesenteric arteriole	Perfused	No7	Phe	none	–	N/A	Rapoport et al., 2019
Rabbit	Aorta	Isometric	No	NE	none	–		Daniel and Nash, 1965
Rat	Caudal a.	Perfused	No	Ang II	none	–	N/A	Nicholas, 1970
				N.S. + Ang II	none	–	N/A
				N.S.	none	–	N/A
				None	none	–	N/A
	Aorta	Isometric	No	Phen	none	↓8	N/A	Abrahams et al., 1996; Abrahams et al., 1998
			No	Phe	-Endo	N/A	↓8
			Spontaneous	KCl + Ca2+	none	↓	N/A	Colas et al., 2000a
				KCl + Ca2+	L-NNA	–	↓
				KCl + Ca2+	-Endo	N/A	↓
				KCl + Ca2+	CTX	N/A	–
			No	NE	none	–	N/A	Colas et al., 2000b
				AVP	none	–	N/A
			Spontaneous	NE	none	↓	N/A
				NE	-Endo	N/A	↓
				AVP	none	–	N/A
				NE	-Endo	N/A	↓
			No	NE	none	–	N/A	Colas et al., 2000c
				NE	none	N/A	↓
			Spontaneous	NE	none	↓	N/A
				NE	-Endo	N/A	↓
				NE	L-NNA	–	N/A
				NE	Indo	N/A	↓
				KCl + Ca2+	none	↓	–
			No	NE	none	↓	N/A	Zhu et al., 2005
				Ang II	none	↓	N/A
				Ang II	L-NAME	N/A	–
				Ang II	-Endo	N/A	–
				KCl	none	–	N/A
				BaCl2	none	–	N/A
	Femoral a.	Isometric	No	ACh9	none	↑	N/A	Sládková et al., 2007
			L-NAME	ACh9	none	– 10	N/A
	Portal v.	Isometric	No	KCl + Ca2+	none	↓	N/A	Mironneau et al., 1981
			No	Spontaneous	none	–	N/A	Abrahams et al., 1996
	Pulmonary a.	Isometric	No	Phe	none	↓8	N/A	Abrahams et al., 1996

¹Adapted and expanded from Rapoport et al. (2019).

²Constriction unless relaxation noted.

³↑, ↓, − = increase, decrease, no change constriction/relaxation.

⁴Substantial and minimal inhibition by hydrochlorothiazide and bendroflumethazide, respectively.

⁵Hypertension, myocardial infarction, hyperlipidemia, treated with several pharmacologic agents.

⁶Treated with angiotensin II receptor antagonist, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, hydrochlorothiazide.

⁷NCC knockout plus Na⁺ restricted diet.

⁸Inhibition requires plasma (Abrahams et al., 1996) or albumin (Abrahams et al., 1998).

⁹Relaxation.

¹⁰Tended to increase.

a., artery, ACh, acetylcholine; Ang II, angiotensin II; AVP, arginine vasopressin; CTX, charybdotoxin; Endo, endothelium; Glib, glibenclamide; IBT, iberiotoxin; Indo, indomethacin; L-NAME, N^G-nitro-L-arginine methylester; L-NNA, N_ω-nitro-L-arginine; NE, norepinephrine; N.S., nerve stimulation; Pap, papaverine; Phenc, phencyclidine; Phe, phenylephrine; TZD, thiazide diuretic; v., vein.