Table 4.
Nontraditional plasma and urine biomarkers of kidney injury of 23 runners in the 2017 Hartford Marathon by AKI status
| Biomarker | Total, n=22 | No AKI, n=10 | AKI, n=12 | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plasma biomarkers day of race | ||||
| IFN, pg/ml | 2.43 (1.90–3.61) | 2.19 (1.89–3.61) | 3.1 (1.99–3.97) | 0.39 |
| IL-2, pg/ml | 0.22 (0.14–0.29) | 0.14 (0.11–0.21) | 0.28 (0.16–0.50) | 0.04 |
| IL-4, pg/mla | 0.03 (0.02–0.04) | 0.025 (0.02–0.04) | 0.03 (0.01–0.04) | 0.67 |
| IL-6, pg/ml | 21.96 (9.98–33.73) | 18.67 (8.98–30.74) | 25.71 (11.75–35.59) | 0.29 |
| IL-8, pg/ml | 15.3 (11.9–21.14) | 12.18 (9.57–14.09) | 19.36 (13.12–23.47) | 0.05 |
| IL-10, pg/ml | 11.04 (1.38–16.81) | 5.33 (0.98–11.98) | 12.37 (4.47–21.13) | 0.15 |
| IL-12, pg/mla | 0.22 (0.14–0.30) | 0.20 (0.14–0.30) | 0.23 (0.14–0.28) | >0.99 |
| IL-13, pg/mla | 0.62 (0.46–1.13) | 0.60 (0.46–1.13) | 0.65 (0.34–1.01) | 0.97 |
| IL-18, pg/ml | 280 (247–338) | 270 (246–320) | 307 (255–461) | 0.29 |
| KIM-1, pg/ml | 88.13 (73.63–139.02) | 79.64 (64.61–90.96) | 124.80 (85.3–167.71) | 0.11 |
| NGAL, ng/ml | 143.54 (122.27–200.78) | 122.40 (107.59–140.08) | 189.90 (142.18–292.25) | 0.01 |
| TNF-α, pg/ml | 2.84 (2.22–3.05) | 2.32 (1.97–3.05) | 2.92 (2.61–4.53) | 0.07 |
| MCP-1, pg/ml | 378.02 (312.45–486.45) | 346 (270.26–452.33) | 410.69 (325.20–554.12) | 0.15 |
| YKL-40, ng/ml | 36.98 (32.54–50.61) | 32.79 (30.43–35.93) | 50.61 (35.92–64.83) | 0.02 |
| Urine biomarkers day of race (raw concentrations) | ||||
| IL-18, pg/ml | 74.72 (40.87–180.56) | 49.28 (40.87–113.20) | 104.83 (23.25–209.03) | 0.35 |
| KIM-1, pg/ml | 2680 (741–3314) | 1841 (519–2769) | 2890 (1165–4862) | 0.21 |
| NGAL, ng/ml | 44.14 (15.99–100.53) | 25.94 (16.60–77.78) | 44.14 (15.81–128.74) | 0.75 |
| MCP-1, pg/ml | 864 (143–1635) | 314 (143–864) | 1210 (138–2557) | 0.13 |
| YKL-40, pg/ml | 2114 (611–4008) | 1459 (565–2114) | 3534 (1484–6593) | 0.07 |
| Urine biomarkers day of race (indexed to urine creatinine) | ||||
| IL-18/creatinine, pg/mg | 38.51 (29.14–69.92) | 33.27 (29.14–45.64) | 38.52 (28.73–86.48) | 0.58 |
| KIM-1/creatinine, pg/mg | 1208 (741–1459) | 791 (631–1315) | 1256 (944–1804) | 0.08 |
| NGAL/creatinine, ng/mg | 33.59 (13.85–47.06) | 32.38 (13.28–39.88) | 30.05 (14.22–81.40) | 0.62 |
| MCP-1/creatinine, pg/mg | 302 (186–747) | 187 (175–219) | 467 (281–923) | 0.02 |
| YKL-40/creatinine, pg/mg | 941 (674–1853) | 762 (537–941) | 1612 (926–2698) | <0.006 |
Data are shown as median (interquartile range). P values were calculated using the Wilcoxon rank sum test. Injury biomarkers, such as IL-2 and neutrophil gelatinase–associated lipocalin (NGAL), were significantly elevated in runners with AKI compared with runners without AKI, and the repair biomarker chitinase-3-like 1 (YKL-40) was also significantly elevated in those with AKI. This may suggest that runners with AKI have higher levels of physical stress during the race, leading to systemic release of injury and repair biomarkers. KIM-1, kidney injury molecule-1; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1.
Values below the limit of detection (BLD) were excluded from analysis. IL-12 has two and one value BLD in the AKI and non-AKI groups, respectively. IL-13 has one value BLD in both AKI and non-AKI groups. IL-4 has one and four values BLD in the AKI and non-AKI groups, respectively.