Table 1.

Demographic characteristics of auxiliary nurse midwives (ANM), accredited social health activists (ASHA), Anganwadi workers (AWW) and maternal household respondents as part of the Team-Based Goals and Incentives intervention trial in Begusarai, Bihar, 2012–2014*

	Baseline (May to June 2012)			Postimplementation (November to December 2014)
	Control	Intervention	P value	Control	Intervention	P value
ANM	n=56	n=48		n=45	n=42
Lives in village she serves (%)	21.4	29.2	0.50	22.2	28.6	0.66
Distance from subcentre village (median and IQR, in km)†	6 (8)	5 (8)	0.48	5 (6)	8 (19)	0.12
Age (median and IQR, in years)‡	42 (7.8)	42 (15.3)	0.87	46 (16)	48 (12)	0.51
Hindu (%)	100	97.9	0.46	100	100	–
Caste (among Hindus only) (%)†
Scheduled caste/scheduled tribe (SC/ST) (lowest caste)	8.9	4.2	0.43	8.9	9.5	0.95
Other backward caste (socially and educationally disadvantaged)	21.4	31.9		35.6	38.1
General caste	69.6	63.8		55.6	52.4
Attended college, took college-level courses or received diploma (%)	80.4	87.5	0.33	88.9	88.1	0.91
ASHA	n=156	n=152		n=153	n=121
Lives in village she serves (%)	96.2	98.7	0.28	97.4	97.5	1.00
Age (mean and SD, in years)	35.1 (5.5)	34.4 (5.2)	0.21	35.9 (5.8)	37.3 (7.1)	0.08
Hindu (%)	95.5	97.4	0.54	97.4	97.5	1.00
Caste (Hindus only) (%)
Scheduled caste/scheduled tribe (SC/ST) (lowest caste)	18.8	20.3	0.89	14.1	12.7	0.68
Other backward caste (socially and educationally disadvantaged)	42.3	43.2		49.7	45.8
General caste	38.9	36.5		36.2	41.5
AWW	n=160	n=151		n=148	n=137
Lives in the village that she serves (%)	96.9	94.1	0.28	97.4	97.5	1.00
Current age (mean and SD, in years)	37.4 (7.5)	36.6 (7.0)	0.21	38.6 (7.8)	38.0 (7.1)	0.53
Hindu (%)	94.4	92.7	0.54	94.6	92.7	0.67
Caste (Hindus only) (%)‡
Scheduled caste/scheduled tribe (SC/ST) (lowest caste)	13.9	12.9	0.97	11.4	11.0	0.63
Other backward caste (socially and educationally disadvantaged)	53.0	53.6		57.9	52.8
General caste	33.1	33.6		30.7	36.2
Maternal respondents	n=849	n=831		n=831	n=859
Hindu (%)	88.8	89.2	0.81 0.88	89.1	90.8	0.23 0.26
Scheduled caste/scheduled tribe (SC/ST) (among Hindus only)	34.0	42.8	<0.001	30.5	39.7	<0.001
Household size (median, IQR)‡	5 (2)	5 (2)	0.44	5 (2)	5 (2)	0.73
Age (%)
15–19 years	2.0	2.6	0.14	15.5	11.8	0.04
20–24 years	46.1	40.6		46.1	43.4
25–29 years	38.0	39.7		27.0	30.4
30–34 years	10.0	12.0		9.3	11.5
35–49 years	3.9	5.1		2.2	2.9
Age (mean and SD, in years)†	25.1 (4.1)	25.5 (4.5)	0.05	23.6 (4.3)	24.2 (4.5)	0.006
Birth parity (%)
1 child	37.4	38.3	0.65	33.9	34.3	0.29
2 children	25.1	24.1		29.2	25.4
3 children	19.4	17.8		19.0	20.3
4 or more children	18.0	19.9		17.8	20.0
Literate (%)	38.5	38.9	0.88	50.2	50.6	0.85
Below Poverty Line card (%)†	59.3	62.5	0.19	63.9	62.8	0.64
Socioeconomic status quartile§ (%)
1	14.8	14.9	0.59	23.0	20.5	0.24
2	23.4	25.8		20.0	23.4
3	29.8	29.8		29.2	30.2
4	32.1	29.5		27.8	25.9

*Results at baseline and postimplementation represent two cross-sectional samples. Results are presented without adjusting for survey design. P values reflect results from χ² (categorical variables) or t-tests (continuous variables), unless otherwise noted; Fisher’s exact tests were calculated if any cell size for a comparison was <5.

†Missing data were present for some variables and are noted in this sequence: baseline control, baseline treatment, postimplementation control and postimplementation treatment group. Data were missing for ANM distance from subcentre village (12, 15, 10, 13 missing); maternal age (1, 0, 0, 0); maternal Below Poverty Line card (1, 0, 3, 2); and maternal socioeconomic status (2, 0, 1, 1).

‡Mann-Whitney U test was conducted due to non-normality.

§Socioeconomic status quartile: Lowest quartile is poorest. Quartiles were determined using coefficients and cut-offs from a principal component analysis that used the Ananya state-wide 2012 baseline data, following the methodology of the National Family Health Survey’s wealth index.¹¹ Quartiles are therefore relative to the 2012 state-wide socioeconomic status distribution for women who gave birth in the previous 12 months.