Table 1.

Multi-country guidance for development of compensation strategies

Aims	Control households will receive compensation designed to meet three aims: (i) comply with applicable ethics requirements for treatment of controls, (ii) compensate control participants for the burden associated with the study, with a view to minimising losses to follow-up and (iii) offset the likely/potential economic advantage to intervention households accorded by the provision of free stoves and fuel
Trial-wide principles	1. Control compensation should not have the potential for impacting the outcomes of interest. For example, directly providing food would not be appropriate since it could impact HAPIN outcomes such as child growth and birth weight
	2. Any strategy to be incorporated into the trial cannot intentionally incentivise practices or behaviours that might put the control group at risk of adverse health outcomes. For example, provision of wood fuel would not be appropriate. On the other hand, incentives can be conditioned on continued participation in the trial
	3. The strategy should be created in consideration of the potential for other adverse effects of the compensation, such as disputes about who in the household receives and can use the incentive
	4. The strategies must be approved by applicable ethics committees and the HAPIN Data and Safety Monitoring Board

HAPIN, Household Air Pollution Intervention Network.