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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2019 Jul 31;9(9):977–985. doi: 10.1002/alr.22357

Figure 4. Olfactory decline at 5-year follow-up predicts new cardiac events at 10-year follow-up, independent of smoking status.

Figure 4

Multivariate logistic regression, n=935. Odds ratios for 10-year incidence of new cardiac events. Reference groups are never smokers, men, and white. Respondents with new cardiac events are those who reported no history of heart attack or heart disease at baseline and history of heart attack and/or heart disease at 10-year follow-up. Olfactory decline at 5-year follow-up is defined by a decrease of 2 or more points in odor identification score. The effect of age is per decade increase. Education treated as a continuous measure with integer scores for education level (higher scores = more education). Cognition measured using z-scores for performance on SPMSQ or MoCA-SA. BMI calculated from direct measurements of height and weight and the effect of BMI is per 1 kg/m2 increase.