Table 1. Clinical characteristics of patients treated with neoadjuvant therapy and upfront surgery.

	GnP	UP
	Median (min-max)	Median (min-max)	P value
Age (years)	66.5 (36–81)	69.5 (48–85)	0.0582 a
Pre-treatment CEA level (ng/mL)	3.2 (0.8–23.3)	2.9 (0.5–16.6)	0.2377 a
Post-NAT CEA level (ng/mL)	3.0 (0.8–13.1)		0.4636 b
Pre-treatment CA19-9 level (U/mL)	279.1 (2.0–8688.4)	95.1 (2.0–16375.0)	0.0159 a *
Post-NAT CA19-9 (U/mL)	23.8 (2.0–993.0)		0.0067 b *
Pre-treatment tumor volume (CT, mm3)	30929 (7200–34764)	22643 (630–80784)	0.0436 a *
Post-NAT tumor volume (CT, mm3)	18320 (1170–226920)		0.2332 b
	Number (%)	Number (%)
Sex
Male	15 (38)	28 (67)	0.0082 *
Female	25 (63)	14 (33)
Resectability
R	0 (0)	31 (74)	<0.0001 *
BR	38 (95)	11 (26)
UR	2 (5)	0 (0)
Operation
PD-PVR	26 (65)	38 (90)	0.0006 *
PD	1 (3)	3 (7)
DP-CAR	13 (33)	0 (0)
DP	0 (0)	1 (2)
Adjuvant	36 (90)	33 (79)	0.230
Reason for absence of adjuvant treatment
Palliative therapy for recurrence	2c	2c
Poor postoperative recovery	2	4
Sequential treatment for other disease	0	1
Patient’s will	0	2
Regimen for adjuvant
S1	29 (73)	31 (74)
GnP	6 (15)	1 (2)	0.1725
Gem	1 (3)	1 (2)

*P<0.05 by Mann-Whitney U test or chi-square tests.

^a, Comparison between pre-NAT in GnP and preoperative in UP;

^b, Comparison between post-NAT in GnP and preoperative in UP.

^c, Two patients were received chemotherapy as a palliative therapy. GnP, gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel; UP, upfront surgery; NAT, neoadjuvant treatment; CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen; CA19-9, carbohydrate antigen 19–9; CT, computed tomography; R, resectable; BR, borderline resectable; UR, unresectable; PD, pancreatoduodenectomy; PVR, portal vein resection; DP, distal pancreatectomy; CAR, celiac artery resection; Gem, gemcitabine.