Table 3. Characteristics of included studies (timing).
| Study or subgroup | Groups (N) | Timing | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T1 | T2 | T3 | T1-T2 | T2-T3 | T1-T3 | ||||||||
| Mean | SD | CVSM | Mean | SD | CVSM | Mean | SD | CVSM | |||||
| Wieslander 1979 | TG (23) | ~ 10 | - | - | ~ 13 | - | - | ~ 17 | - | - | 3.0 | 4.0 | 7.0 |
| CG (23) | ~ 10 | - | - | ~ 13 | - | - | ~ 17 | - | - | 3.0 | 4.0 | 7.0 | |
| Pavoni 2017 (early) | TG (23) | 9.5 | 1.2 | 1-2 | 11.4 | 1.2 | 1-3 | 17.9 | 2.3 | 5-6 | 1.9 | 6.5 | 8.4 |
| CG (16) | 9.4 | 0.7 | 1-2 | 11.3 | 0.7 | 1-3 | 17.0 | 1.8 | 5-6 | 1.9 | 5.7 | 7.6 | |
| Pavoni 2017 (late) | TG (23) | 10.2 | 1.3 | 2-3 | 12.5 | 1.2 | 4-5 | 18.5 | 2.1 | 5-6 | 2.3 | 6.0 | 8.3 |
| CG (15) | 10.8 | 1.1 | 2-3 | 12.7 | 1.2 | 4-5 | 18.3 | 1.3 | 5-6 | 1.9 | 5.6 | 7.5 | |
| Falck 1991 (males) | TG (19) | 7.3 | - | - | - | - | - | 17.5 | - | - | - | - | 10.2 |
| CG (18) | 7.0 | - | - | - | - | - | 16.4 | - | - | - | - | 9.4 | |
| Falck 1991 (females) | TG (31) | 7.3 | - | - | - | - | - | 17.2 | - | - | - | - | 9.9 |
| CG (20) | 7.7 | - | - | - | - | - | 17.9 | - | - | - | - | 10.2 | |
| Freeman 2009 | TG (30) | 8.1 | 1.3 | 1-2 | - | - | - | 18.0 | 3.4 | 5-6 | - | - | 9.9 |
| CG (20) | 8.5 | 1.2 | 1-2 | - | - | - | 18.2 | 3.7 | 5-6 | - | - | 9.7 | |
| Angelieri 2014 | TG (17) | 10.8 | 0.6 | 1-3 | 12.5 | 0.6 | 1-4 | 19.7 | 0.7 | 5-6 | 1.7 | 7.2 | 8.9 |
| CG (17) | 11.3 | 0.6 | 1-3 | 12.7 | 0.6 | 2-4 | 18.9 | 2.0 | 5-6 | 1.4 | 6.2 | 7.6 | |
| Wigal 2008 (males) | TG (7) | 8.7 | 1.3 | - | 9.6 | 1.2 | - | 15.2 | 1.5 | - | 0.9 | 5.6 | 6.5 |
| CG (7) | 8.7 | 1.1 | - | 9.6 | 1.1 | - | 15.2 | 1.9 | - | 0.9 | 5.6 | 6.5 | |
| Wigal 2008 (females) | TG (15) | 8.3 | 0.9 | - | 9.1 | 0.4 | - | 14.3 | 1.3 | - | 0.8 | 5.2 | 6.0 |
| CG (15) | 8.3 | 1.1 | - | 9.2 | 0.3 | - | 14.4 | 1.3 | - | 0.9 | 5.2 | 6.1 | |
| Drosen 2018 (males) | TG (13) | 12.4 | 0.9 | - | 14.2 | 1.2 | - | 20.2 | 1.0 | - | 1.8 | 6.0 | 7.8 |
| CG (13) | 12.1 | 0.5 | - | 14.2 | 0.6 | - | 19.8 | 2.3 | - | 2.1 | 5.6 | 7.7 | |
| Alhoraibi 2017 (early) | TG (18) | 11.5 | 0.8 | 1 | 13.1 | 0.8 | - | 16.4 | 1.1 | - | 1.6 | 3.3 | 4.9 |
| CG (18) | 11.8 | 0.9 | 1 | 13.9 | 1.5 | - | 17.1 | 1.3 | - | 2.1 | 3.2 | 5.3 | |
| Alhoraibi 2017 (late) | TG (21) | 13.3 | 0.6 | 2-3 | 15.3 | 0.8 | - | 18.4 | 1.0 | - | 2.0 | 3.1 | 5.1 |
| CG (21) | 13.5 | 0.8 | 2-3 | 15.1 | 0.6 | - | 18.2 | 0.7 | - | 1.6 | 3.1 | 4.7 |
N, number of participants; TG, treated group; CG, control group
T1, at the start of the active phase of functional appliance therapy; T2, at the end of the active phase of functional appliance therapy; T3, long-term follow-up
SD, standard deviation; CVMS, cervical vertebral maturation stage.