Table 1.
Mean scores on the questionnaires at different time points.
| Characteristic | Intervention group, mean (SD) | Control group, mean (SD) | Mean difference | P value | |
| Depressive symptoms (PHQ-2a) pretest | 3.10 (1.47) | 2.78 (1.26) | 0.32 | .11 | |
|
|
Week 1 | 2.13 (1.41) | 2.27 (1.55) | −0.15 | .54 |
|
|
Week 3 | 1.66 (1.20) | 2.24 (1.56) | −0.58 | .02 |
|
|
Week 5 | 1.24 (1.25) | 2.05 (1.59) | −0.82 | .002 |
|
|
Posttest | 1.53 (1.41) | 2.38 (1.59) | −0.84 | .001 |
| Behavioral activation (BADSb) pretest | 4.78 (3.15) | 4.58 (3.05) | 0.20 | .66 | |
|
|
Week 1 | 5.90 (2.74) | 5.30 (2.88) | 0.60 | .19 |
|
|
Week 3 | 6.52 (2.88) | 5.35 (2.82) | 1.17 | .02 |
|
|
Week 5 | 7.35 (2.31) | 5.78 (2.74) | 1.56 | .001 |
|
|
Posttest | 7.57 (2.99) | 5.46 (3.07) | 2.11 | <.001 |
| Relaxation pretest | 1.62 (0.60) | 1.69 (0.68) | −0.07 | .43 | |
|
|
Week 1 | 1.66 (0.57) | 1.74 (0.62) | −0.08 | .40 |
|
|
Week 3 | 1.97 (0.59) | 1.80 (0.65) | 0.17 | .12 |
|
|
Week 5 | 2.13 (0.70) | 1.81 (0.61) | 0.32 | .01 |
|
|
Posttest | 2.05 (0.66) | 1.86 (0.70) | 0.20 | .08 |
| Catastrophizing (CERQ-shortc) pretest | 3.80 (2.36) | 3.37 (1.74) | 0.43 | .15 | |
|
|
Week 1 | 3.44 (1.77) | 3.61 (2.10) | −0.17 | .60 |
|
|
Week 3 | 3.05 (1.58) | 3.38 (2.04) | −0.33 | .29 |
|
|
Week 5 | 2.75 (1.21) | 3.24 (1.68) | −0.50 | .05 |
|
|
Posttest | 2.92 (1.75) | 3.16 (1.69) | −0.24 | .39 |
| Positive refocusing (CERQ-short) pretest | 6.39 (2.23) | 6.37 (2.03) | 0.02 | .95 | |
|
|
Week 1 | 6.13 (1.89) | 5.96 (1.85) | 0.17 | .58 |
|
|
Week 3 | 6.32 (1.96) | 5.90 (1.97) | 0.42 | .21 |
|
|
Week 5 | 6.91 (1.96) | 6.39 (2.05) | 0.52 | .15 |
|
|
Posttest | 7.04 (2.17) | 6.07 (2.19) | 0.97 | .01 |
| Goal re-engagement (GDGRSd) pretest | 3.15 (0.86) | 2.97 (0.82) | 0.19 | .13 | |
|
|
Week 1 | 3.42 (0.79) | 3.12 (0.81) | 0.30 | .02 |
|
|
Week 3 | 3.55 (0.75) | 3.10 (0.94) | 0.46 | .002 |
|
|
Week 5 | 3.71 (0.79) | 3.26 (0.97) | 0.45 | .01 |
|
|
Posttest | 3.55 (0.79) | 3.08 (0.99) | 0.47 | .002 |
| Coping self-efficacy pretest | 7.08 (1.78) | 7.24 (1.66) | −0.16 | .53 | |
|
|
Week 1 | 7.51 (1.59) | 7.15 (1.78) | 0.36 | .19 |
|
|
Week 3 | 8.03 (1.60) | 7.14 (1.83) | 0.89 | .003 |
|
|
Week 5 | 8.11 (1.40) | 7.53 (1.69) | 0.58 | .03 |
|
|
Posttest | 7.93 (1.65) | 7.20 (1.72) | 0.73 | .02 |
aPHQ-2: Patient Health Questionnaire–2.
bBADS: Behavioral Activation for Depression Scale.
cCERQ-short: Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire short version.
dGDGRS: Goal Disengagement and Goal Re-engagement Scale.