Table 2.
Energy-adjusted dietary fiber intake and risk of diverticulitis in Nurses’ Health Study (1990–2014)
| Quintiles of dietary intake | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | P for trend | |
| Total fiber | ||||||
| Median (range), g/d | 13.0 (0–14.8) | 16.3 (14.8–17.6) | 18.9 (17.6–20.3) | 21.8 (20.3–23.8) | 27.0 (23.8–135) | |
| Incidence per 100,000 person-years | 387 | 396 | 405 | 398 | 376 | |
| Age | 1 (ref) | 0.96 (0.87, 1.05) | 0.94 (0.86, 1.04) | 0.90 (0.81, 0.98) | 0.82 (0.74, 0.90) | <0.001 |
| Multivariable* | 1 (ref) | 0.96 (0.88, 1.06) | 0.95 (0.86, 1.05) | 0.91 (0.83, 1.01) | 0.86 (0.78, 0.95) | 0.002 |
| Multivariable+red meat | 1 (ref) | 0.96 (0.88, 1.06) | 0.95 (0.86, 1.05) | 0.91 (0.83, 1.01) | 0.86 (0.78, 0.95) | 0.002 |
| Cereal fiber | ||||||
| Median (range), g/d | 2.9 (0–3.7) | 4.3 (3.7–4.9) | 5.6 (4.9–6.2) | 7.0 (6.2–8.0) | 9.8 (8.0–122) | |
| Incidence per 100,000 person-years | 367 | 388 | 410 | 413 | 385 | |
| Age | 1 (ref) | 0.99 (0.90, 1.09) | 0.99 (0.90, 1.09) | 0.96 (0.87, 1.06) | 0.86 (0.78, 0.95) | 0.001 |
| Multivariable* | 1 (ref) | 0.98 (0.89, 1.08) | 0.99 (0.90, 1.09) | 0.98 (0.89, 1.08) | 0.89 (0.81, 0.99) | 0.02 |
| Multivariable+red meat | 1 (ref) | 0.98 (0.89, 1.08) | 0.99 (0.90, 1.09) | 0.98 (0.89, 1.08) | 0.90 (0.81, 0.99) | 0.03 |
| Fruit fiber | ||||||
| Median (range), g/d | 1.4 (0–2.0) | 2.6 (2.0–3.2) | 3.8 (3.2–4.4) | 5.2 (4.4–6.1) | 7.7 (6.1–35.1) | |
| Incidence per 100,000 person-years | 405 | 409 | 410 | 386 | 352 | |
| Age | 1 (ref) | 0.99 (0.90, 1.08) | 0.97 (0.88, 1.06) | 0.89 (0.81, 0.98) | 0.79 (0.71, 0.87) | <0.001 |
| Multivariable* | 1 (ref) | 0.99 (0.90, 1.09) | 0.98 (0.89, 1.08) | 0.92 (0.84, 1.01) | 0.83 (0.75, 0.92) | <0.001 |
| Multivariable+red meat | 1 (ref) | 0.99 (0.90, 1.09) | 0.98 (0.89, 1.08) | 0.92 (0.83, 1.01) | 0.83 (0.75, 0.92) | <0.001 |
| Vegetable fiber | ||||||
| Median (range), g/d | 3.1 (0–3.9) | 4.6 (3.9–5.2) | 5.8 (5.2–6.4) | 7.2 (6.4–8.3) | 10.0 (8.3–49.2) | |
| Incidence per 100,000 person-years | 432 | 381 | 380 | 406 | 365 | |
| Age | 1 (ref) | 0.93 (0.84, 1.02) | 0.94 (0.85, 1.03) | 1.01 (0.92, 1.10) | 0.90 (0.82, 0.99) | 0.14 |
| Multivariable* | 1 (ref) | 0.93 (0.85, 1.02) | 0.94 (0.86, 1.04) | 1.02 (0.92, 1.11) | 0.91 (0.83, 1.01) | 0.27 |
| Multivariable+red meat | 1 (ref) | 0.93 (0.85, 1.02) | 0.94 (0.86, 1.04) | 1.02 (0.93, 1.12) | 0.92 (0.83, 1.01) | 0.31 |
Further adjusted for body mass index (<22.5, 22.5–24.9, 25.0–27.4, 27.5–29.9, 30.0–34.9, ≥35 kg/m2), menopausal status and menopausal hormone use (premenopausal and postmenopausal hormone use (never, past, current), vigorous activity (0, 0.1–3.4, 3.5–10.4, 10.5–28.4, ≥28.5 MET-h/week), alcohol intake (0, 0–4.9, 5.0–9.9, 10.0–14.9, ≥15.0 g/d), smoking (never smoker, past smoker, current smoker (1–14, 15–24, ≥25 cigarettes/d)), aspirin use (yes/no), other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use (yes/no), multivitamin use (yes/no), acetaminophen use (yes/no), physical examination (yes/no), hypertension (yes/no), hypercholesterolemia (yes/no), and calorie intake (quintile). Results for cereal, fruit, and vegetable fiber were similar if further mutually adjusting for fiber from other sources (i.e., except for the one under examination).