Table II:
Association of Covariates with Rapid Decline in Kidney Function (eGFR > 3 ml/min/1.73m2 per year) Based on Logistic Regression Analyses Adjusted for Age and Sex
| All SCD | HbSS/HbSβ0 | HbSC/HbSβ+ | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p |
| WBC count | 0.98 (0.92, 1.05) | 0.5 | 0.98 (0.90, 1.06) | 0.6 | 0.91 (0.78, 1.07) | 0.3 |
| Haemoglobin | 0.83 (0.75, 0.95) | 0.007 | 0.87 (0.72, 1.04) | 0.1 | 0.8 (0.56, 1.14) | 0.2 |
| Reticulocyte count | 0.99 (0.99, 1.001) | 0.2 | 0.99 (0.99, 1.0) | 0.07 | 0.99 (0.989, 1.004) | 0.4 |
| Haemoglobin F | 0.99 (0.93, 1.04) | 0.6 | 0.94 (0.87, 1.01) | 0.07 | 1.27 (0.77, 2.1) | 0.4 |
| Ferritin | 1.0 (1.0, 1.001) | 0.01 | 1.0 (1.0, 1.001) | 0.03 | 1.0 (0.99, 1.001) | 0.4 |
| Lactate dehydrogenase | 1.0 (1.0, 1.001) | 0.2 | 1.0 (1.0, 1.001) | 0.5 | 1.001 (0.99, 1.003) | 0.5 |
| Total bilirubin | 0.98 (0.87, 1.10) | 0.7 | 0.95 (0.83, 1.08) | 0.4 | 0.44 (0.14, 1.37) | 0.2 |
| Indirect bilirubin | 0.78 (0.56, 1.09) | 0.1 | 0.80 (0.56, 1.14) | 0.2 | 0.08 (0.003, 2.11) | 0.1 |
| Baseline eGFR | 0.987 (0.98, 1.00) | 0.01 | 0.98 (0.97, 0.99) | 0.002 | 1.004 (0.98, 1.03) | 0.8 |
| Hyperfiltration | 0.48 (0.26, 0.89) | 0.02 | 0.39 (0.18, 0.83) | 0.01 | 0.43 (0.09, 1.96) | 0.3 |
| Baseline proteinuria | 2.22 (0.97, 5.05) | 0.06 | 2.41 (0.97, 5.96) | 0.06 | 1.22 (0.095, 15.8) | 0.9 |
| Baseline haemhaemoglobinuria* | 1.5 (0.5, 4.55) | 0.5 | 1.41 (0.46, 4.35) | 0.6 | - | - |
| Urine specific gravity | <0.001 (<0.001, >999.9) | 0.9 | >999.9 (<0.001, >999.9) | 0.6 | <0.001 (<0.001, >999.9) | 0.5 |
| Systolic blood pressure | 1.02 (0.99, 1.03) | 0.1 | 1.02 (0.99, 1.03) | 0.1 | 1.02 (0.99, 1.05) | 0.3 |
| Diastolic blood pressure | 1.01 (0.99, 1.02) | 0.5 | 1.01 (0.99, 1.03) | 0.3 | 0.99 (0.96, 1.04) | 0.8 |
| Weight | 1.004 (0.99, 1.02) | 0.6 | 1.01 (0.99, 1.03) | 0.4 | 1.01 (0.98, 1.03) | 0.6 |
| History of diabetes | 2.28 (0.76, 6.84) | 0.1 | 1.42 (0.28, 7.09) | 0.7 | 7.45 (1.33, 41.6) | 0.02 |
| History of stroke | 3.0 (1.5, 6.0) | 0.002 | 3.51 (1.62, 7.57) | 0.001 | 0.79 (0.08, 7.84) | 0.8 |
| History of acute chest syndrome | 1.29 (0.68, 2.43) | 0.4 | 1.31 (0.54, 3.17) | 0.6 | 0.93 (0.31, 2.74) | 0.9 |
| History of avascular necrosis | 0.92 (0.50, 1.69) | 0.8 | 0.99 (0.49, 2.02) | 1.0 | 0.87 (0.25, 3.04) | 0.8 |
| History of leg ulcers | 1.04 (0.49, 2.2) | 0.9 | 0.75 (0.33, 1.73) | 0.5 | <0.001 (<0.001, >999.9) | 1.0 |
| ACE-I/ARB therapy | 2.9 (1.35, 6.19) | 0.006 | 2.55 (1.0, 6.51) | 0.05 | 4.51 (1.08, 18.9) | 0.04 |
| Hydroxycarbamide therapy | 1.4 (0.85, 2.3) | 0.2 | 1.18 (0.67, 2.08) | 0.6 | 1.37 (0.31, 5.99) | 0.7 |
| Chronic RBC transfusion | 1.56 (0.48, 5.03) | 0.5 | 2.3 (0.65, 8.1) | 0.2 | <0.001 (<0.001, >999.9) | 1.0 |
*
Haemoglobinuria not present in individuals with HbSC/HbSβ+ thalassaemia.
ACE-I/ARB – angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blocker; CI – confidence interval; eGFR – estimated glomerular filtration rate; OR – odds ratio; RBC – red blood cell; SCD – sickle cell disease; WBC – white blood cell