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. 2019 Sep 6;9:12854. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-49314-7

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effect of VDAM processing on reduction of artificially loaded S. epidermidis bacterial counts. Loading of 100 μL of 10⁶ CFU/mL S. epidermidis was performed before washing procedures in 0.9% NaCl. AM samples were taken throughout processing and assessed for CFU/mL. Manufacturing was performed with antibiotic included in the raffinose step (A) graph shown with log₁₀ scale, (B) graph shown with linear scale. Manufacturing with antibiotic included (C) graph shown with log₁₀ scale, (D) graph shown with linear scale. Data shows individual experiments performed with 5 different donors and is represented as mean ± SEM. Data compared by one-way ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis test followed by multiple comparison uncorrected Dunn’s test. Statistical significance vs. baseline represented by *p ≤ 0.05, ***p ≤ 0.001, ****p ≤ 0.0001.