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. 2019 Sep 6;9:12827. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-49289-5

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Phlda3 mRNA and protein levels are upregulated by cytokine and palmitate treatment in parallel with the induction of ER stress and antioxidant genes. MIN6 cells (n = 4–9 experiments) or primary mouse islets (n = 5–10 experiments) were cultured in the absence (white bars) or presence (black bars) of cytokines (24 h) or palmitate (48 h). Changes in the mRNA levels of Phlda3, Ddit3, Trb3 and Hmox1 and PHLDA3 immunostaning in cytokine- (a–c,e) or palmitate-treated (f–h,j) MIN6 cells. Changes in the mRNA levels of Phlda3 in cytokine- (d) or palmitate-high glucose-treated (i) islets. **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 vs control. Scale bars, 50 µm.