Expression of p-PI3K, p-AKT and p-mTOR following HK-2 cell treatment with high glucose, GSK or 3-MA. The expressions of p-PI3K, p-AKT and p-mTOR were measured via western blotting. ***P < 0.001 vs. the control; ##P < 0.01 vs. the Glucose group; ΔP < 0.05 vs. the Glucose+TGF-β1 group. p, phosphorylated; GSK, GSK650394’ 3-MA, 3-methyladenine.