Table 3.

Bivariate selection gradient analysis

Term	Halle fall		Norwich fall		Norwich spring		Norwich summer		Valencia fall
	Est.	SE	Est.	SE	Est.	SE	Est.	SE	Est.	SE
βBPTU	−0.13*	0.10	0.33	0.17	−0.01	0.08	0.20*	0.07	−0.02	0.09
βbranch	0.72*	0.05	1.15*	0.11	0.77*	0.09	0.53*	0.04	0.71*	0.08
γBPTU	−9.10	120	5.84	146	−30.2	90.8	−60.1	100	82.2	114
γbranch	0.06	0.31	0.90	1.11	−0.00	0.18	0.06	0.16	0.18	0.22
γBPTU,branch	−0.11	0.14	0.28	0.31	0.00	0.09	0.10	0.06	−0.07	0.19

β, analogous to the directional selection coefficient; BPTU, accumulated photothermal units to bolting; branch, total number of branches; Est., estimate of the coefficient; γ, analogous to the stabilizing or disruptive coefficient; SE, numerically approximated SE.

^*Bolded estimates with asterisks represent significance from Bonferroni-corrected P values <0.05.