Table 3.
Logistic regression models for factors associated with CNSD misuse or dependence, estimated using multiple imputations
| Independent variables | Bivariate model | Multivariate model | ||
| OR (95% CI) | P value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | P value | |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 1 | 1 | ||
| Female | 1.54 (0.65 to 3.67) | 0.33 | 1.13 (0.39 to 3.21) | 0.83 |
| Age groups, years | ||||
| 65–74 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 75–84 | 0.90 (0.34 to 2.37) | 0.83 | 1.37 (0.42 to 4.50) | 0.60 |
| ≥85 | 2.40 (0.75 to 7.65) | 0.14 | 2.30 (0.56 to 9.45) | 0.25 |
| Education, years | ||||
| Basic education (≤10) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Secondary education (11–13) | 0.61 (0.22 to 1.72) | 0.35 | 0.84 (0.23 to 3.03) | 0.78 |
| Higher education (≥14) | 0.86 (0.32 to 2.34) | 0.77 | 1.09 (0.31 to 3.81) | 0.89 |
| Income (Norwegian krone/year) | ||||
| <200 000 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 200 000–349 000 | 0.85 (0.24 to 2.98) | 0.80 | 1.26 (0.26 to 6.26) | 0.77 |
| ≥350 000 | 0.49 (0.13 to 1.88) | 0.30 | 0.73 (0.11 to 4.83) | 0.75 |
| Living alone | ||||
| No | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 2.65 (1.14 to 6.18) | 0.02 | 2.06 (0.65 to 6.48) | 0.22 |
| Polypharmacy (≥5 drugs/day) | ||||
| No | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 2.02 (0.39 to 10.55) | 0.41 | 1.88 (0.25 to 14.21) | 0.54 |
| Concurrent use (of >1 CNSDs) | ||||
| No (exclusive use) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 3.5 (1.44 to 8.54) | 0.006 | 3.99 (1.34 to 11.88) | 0.01 |
| Duration of CNSD use (weeks) | 1.00 (0.99 to 1.00) | 0.94 | 1.00 (0.99 to 1.00) | 0.33 |
| Anxiety scores (HADS-A) | 1.08 (0.97 to 1.21) | 0.14 | 1.06 (0.88 to 1.26) | 0.55 |
| Depression scores (HADS-D) | 1.05 (0.93 to 1.19) | 0.41 | 0.99 (0.81 to 1.20) | 0.90 |
| Pain intensity (mm, VAS) | 1.01 (0.99 to 1.03) | 0.08 | 1.02 (1.01 to 1.04) | 0.04 |
Bold, P value <0.05.
CNSD, central nervous system depressant drugs; HADS-D/A, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, depression or anxiety subscale; VAS, Visual Analogue Scale.