Table 2.
List of medicines with anticholinergic or sedative properties included in the study
| Drug group (ATC code) | Anticholinergic or sedative | Frequency (%) |
| Benzodiazepines (N05BA, N05CD) | ||
| Temazepam (N05CD07) | Sedative | 88 (4.2) |
| Oxazepam (N05BA04) | Sedative | 84 (4.0) |
| Nitrazepam (N05CD02) | Sedative | 76 (3.6) |
| Diazepam (N05BA01) | Sedative | 51 (2.4) |
| Flunitrazepam (N05CD03) | Sedative | 11 (0.5) |
| Bromazepam (N05BA08) | Sedative | 1 (0.05) |
| Flurazepam (N05CD01) | Sedative | 1 (0.05) |
| Diuretics (C03) | ||
| Frusemide (C03CA01) | Anticholinergic | 287 (13.8) |
| H2 receptor antagonists (A02BA) | ||
| Ranitidine (A02BA02) | Anticholinergic | 114 (5.5) |
| Cimetidine (A02BA01) | Anticholinergic | 87 (4.2) |
| Antidepressants (N06A) | ||
| Doxepin (N06AA12) | Sedative, anticholinergic | 48 (2.3) |
| Amitriptyline (N06AA09) | Sedative, anticholinergic | 28 (1.3) |
| Dothiepin (N06AA16) | Sedative, anticholinergic | 24 (1.1) |
| Imipramine (N06AA02) | Sedative, anticholinergic | 22 (1.1) |
| Mianserin (N06A×03) | Sedative | 6 (0.3) |
| Fluoxetine (N06AB03) | Sedative, anticholinergic | 3 (0.1) |
| Nortriptyline (N06AA10) | Sedative, anticholinergic | 3 (0.1) |
| Moclobemide (N06AG02) | Sedative | 2 (0.1) |
| Clomipramine (N06AA04) | Sedative, anticholinergic | 1 (0.05) |
| Tranylcypromine (N06AF04) | Sedative | 1 (0.05) |
| Cardiac glycosides (C01A) | ||
| Digoxin (C01AA05) | Anticholinergic | 179 (8.6) |
| Drugs for obstructive airway diseases (R03) | ||
| Theophylline (R03DA04) | Anticholinergic | 52 (2.5) |
| Ipratropium (R03BB01) | Anticholinergic | 13 (0.6) |
| Antihistamines (R06A) | ||
| Promethazine (R06AD02) | Sedative, anticholinergic | 17 (0.8) |
| Astemizole (R06A×11) | Sedative | 10 (0.5) |
| Dexchlorpheniramine (R06AB02) | Sedative, anticholinergic | 9 (0.4) |
| Terfenadine (R06A×12) | Sedative | 7 (0.3) |
| Diphenhydramine (R06AA02) | Sedative, anticholinergic | 5 (0.2) |
| Loratadine (R06A×13) | Anticholinergic | 4 (0.2) |
| Methdilazine (R06AD04) | Sedative | 4 (0.2) |
| Azatadine (R06A×09) | Sedative | 4 (0.2) |
| Chlorphenamine, combinations (R06AB54) |
Sedative | 2 (0.1) |
| Cyproheptadine (R06A×02) | Sedative, anticholinergic | 1 (0.05) |
| Diphenylpyraline (R06AA07) | Sedative | 1 (0.05) |
| Dexchlorpheniramine, combinations (R06AB52) | Sedative | 1 (0.05) |
| Thiethylperazine (R06AD03) | Sedative | 1 (0.05) |
| Promethazine, combinations (R06AD52) |
Sedative | 1 (0.05) |
| Hydroxyzine (R06AE) | Sedative | 1 (0.05) |
| Antipsychotics (N05A) | ||
| Prochlorperazine (N05AB04) | Sedative, anticholinergic | 37 (1.8) |
| Thioridazine (N05AC02) | Sedative, anticholinergic | 7 (0.3) |
| Trifluoperazine (N05AB06) | Sedative, anticholinergic | 4 (0.2) |
| Pericyazine (N05AC01) | Sedative, anticholinergic | 4 (0.2) |
| Fluphenazine (N05AB02) | Sedative, anticholinergic | 1 (0.05) |
| Haloperidol (N05AD01) | Sedative, anticholinergic | 1 (0.05) |
| Antihypertensives (C02) | ||
| Methyldopa (C02AB01) | Sedative | 47 (2.3) |
| Clonidine (C02AC01) | Sedative | 6 (0.3) |
| Opioids (N02A) | ||
| Codeine/paracetamol (N02AA59) | Sedative | 30 (1.4) |
| Dextropropoxyphene (N02AC04) | Sedative | 19 (0.9) |
| Morphine (N02AA01) | Sedative | 4 (0.2) |
| Antiepileptics (N03A) | ||
| Phenytoin (N03AB02) | Sedative | 22 (1.1) |
| Carbamazepine (N03AF01) | Sedative, anticholinergic | 5 (0.2) |
| Clonazepam (N03AE01) | Sedative | 4 (0.2) |
| Phenobarbital (N03AA02) | Sedative | 3 (0.1) |
| Valproate (N03AG01) | Sedative | 2 (0.1) |
| Drugs for functional gastrointestinal disorders (A03) | ||
| Belladonna alkaloids (A03BA04) | Anticholinergic | 14 (0.7) |
| Domperidone (A03FA03) | Anticholinergic | 6 (0.3) |
| Metoclopramide (A03FA01) | Anticholinergic | 4 (0.2) |
| Antigout preparations (M04A) | ||
| Colchicine (M04AC01) | Anticholinergic | 15 (0.7) |
| Antiparkinson drugs (N04) | ||
| Bromocriptine (N04BC01) | Anticholinergic | 3 (0.1) |
| Biperiden (N04AA02) | Sedative, anticholinergic | 3 (0.1) |
| Orphenadrine (N04AB02) | Sedative, anticholinergic | 2 (0.1) |
| Benzatropine (N04AC01) | Sedative, anticholinergic | 1 (0.05) |
| Amantadine (N04BB01) | Sedative, anticholinergic | 1 (0.05) |
| Other nervous system drugs (N07) | ||
| Betahistine (N07CA01) | Sedative | 5 (0.2) |
| Methadone (N07BC02) | Sedative, anticholinergic | 2 (0.1) |
| Antidiarrheals (A07) | ||
| Loperamide (A07DA03) | Anticholinergic | 4 (0.2) |
| Drugs for bipolar disorder | ||
| Lithium (N06AX) | Anticholinergic | 4 (0.2) |
| Antimigraine preparations (N02C) | ||
| Pizotifen (N02C×01) | Sedative | 3 (0.1) |
| Cough suppressants (R05D) | ||
| Pholcodine (R05DA08) | Sedative | 3 (0.1) |
| Antiarrhythmics, class I and III (C01B) | ||
| Disopyramide (C01BA03) | Anticholinergic | 2 (0.1) |
| Muscle relaxants (M03) | ||
| Baclofen (M03B×01) | Sedative, anticholinergic | 1 (0.05) |
ATC, Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical.