Table 1.
Age-standardised prevalence differences and Slope Index of Inequality (SII) for tobacco use among men and women by education and wealth, Nepal Demographic and Health Surveys 2001, 2006, 2011 and 2016
| 2001 | 2006 | 2011 | 2016 | P value* | |
| Men | |||||
| Rate difference ( 95% CI ) | |||||
| No education | 37.4 (26.4 to 48.5) | 47.2 (39.7 to 54.7) | 43.4 (36.3 to 50.4) | 38.8 (31.1 to 46.5) | 0.346 |
| Primary | 36.3 (26.3 to 46.4) | 36.5 (30.6 to 42.4) | 37.0 (30.5 to 43.5) | 36.5 (29.4 to 43.5) | 0.999 |
| Secondary | 11.2 (0.3 to 22.1) | 19.2 (12.4 to 26.0) | 17.2 (11.8 to 22.5) | 22.3 (17.8 to 26.8) | 0.215 |
| Higher education (ref.) | |||||
| SII (95% CI ) | 43.9 (34.9 to 52.8) | 51.4 (44.8 to 57.9) | 50.4 (43.8 to 57.1) | 47.2 (39.5 to 54.9) | 0.565 |
| Rate difference (95% CI ) | |||||
| Poorest | 19.0 (10.5 to 27.6) | 22.5 (15.0 to 30.1) | 26.3 (19.0 to 33.5) | 21.5 (15.2 to 27.7) | 0.618 |
| Poorer | 28.2 (20.8 to 35.6) | 19.2 (12.0 to 26.4) | 20.9 (14.1 to 27.8) | 21.0 (13.5 to 28.4) | 0.302 |
| Middle | 20.8 (13.0 to 28.7) | 12.0 (4.6 to 19.4) | 22.7 (15.3 to 30.0) | 22.6 (16.3 to 28.8) | 0.130 |
| Richer | 15.2 (7.0 to 23.4) | 5.8 (−1.5 to 13.0) | 6.8 (−0.4 to 13.9) | 19.0 (12.9 to 25.1) | 0.015 |
| Richest (ref.) | |||||
| SII ( 95% CI ) | 26.4 (17.3 to 35.6) | 29.1 (20.9 to 37.3) | 34.2 (26.8 to 41.7) | 25.7 (17.1 to 34.2) | 0.428 |
| Women | |||||
| Rate difference ( 95% CI ) | |||||
| No education | 29.2 (25.5 to 33.0) | 24.2 (21.7 to 26.7) | 16.7 (14.4 to 19.0) | 10.4 (8.9 to 11.8) | <0.001 |
| Primary | 16.7 (12.6 to 20.8) | 15.1 (12.0 to 18.3) | 12.5 (9.8 to 15.2) | 7.2 (5.6 to 8.7) | <0.001 |
| Secondary | 3.4 (0.2 to 6.6) | 2.2 (0.8 to 3.7) | 3.0 (2.1 to 3.9) | 1.7 (0.9 to 2.5) | 0.192 |
| Higher education (ref.) | |||||
| SII (95% CI ) | 44.4 (38.5 to 50.3) | 40.4 (35.9 to 44.9) | 26.2 (21.8 to 30.5) | 16.0 (13.5 to 18.6) | <0.001 |
| Rate difference (95% CI ) | |||||
| Poorest | 28.9 (24.4 to 33.4) | 29.5 (25.3 to 33.7) | 23.5 (19.1 to 28.0) | 14.2 (12.2 to 16.3) | <0.001 |
| Poorer | 23.8 (19.7 to 27.8) | 13.7 (9.9 to 17.5) | 11.4 (8.9 to 13.8) | 6.5 (5.1 to 7.8) | <0.001 |
| Middle | 17.7 (13.8 to 21.5) | 12.0 (9.1 to 14.8) | 6.0 (4.3 to 7.7) | 2.9 (1.9 to 3.9) | <0.001 |
| Richer | 11.5 (8.6 to 14.3) | 7.0 (4.7 to 9.2) | 3.6 (2.0 to 5.2) | 2.8 (1.3 to 4.2) | <0.001 |
| Richest (ref.) | |||||
| SII ( 95% CI ) | 36.5 (31.2 to 41.8) | 32.5 (27.3 to 37.6) | 27.1 (22.2 to 32.0) | 16.1 (13.7 to 18.6) | <0.001 |
*P value for test of heterogeneity in rate difference or SII across years.