Table 2.

Crude and multivariable-adjusted prevalence ratios for early initiation of breastfeeding associated with caesarean versus vaginal births

Country	Year of DHS	Sample size	Unadjusted PR (95% CI)	Adjusted PR* (95% CI)
Ethiopia	2016	4021	0.50 (0.35 to 0.71)	0.46 (0.32 to 0.66)
Namibia	2013	2021	0.71 (0.62 to 0.81)	0.71 (0.62 to 0.80)
Burkina Faso	2010	5745	0.90 (0.68 to 1.18)	0.77 (0.60 to 1.00)
Burundi	2016–2017	5182	0.40 (0.34 to 0.48)	0.40 (0.33 to 0.47)
Togo	2013–2014	2707	0.60 (0.48 to 0.75)	0.55 (0.45 to 0.68)
Benin	2017–2018	5337	0.46 (0.37 to 0.58)	0.47 (0.38 to 0.59)
Cameroon	2011	4604	0.86 (0.68 to 1.09)	0.82 (0.65 to 1.04)
Comoros	2012	1228	0.50 (0.31 to 0.81)	0.52 (0.33 to 0.83)
Congo Bra	2011–2012	3754	0.42 (0.22 to 0.82)	0.44 (0.23 to 0.85)
Congo DR	2013–2014	7189	0.47 (0.36 to 0.60)	0.44 (0.34 to 0.57)
Cote d'Ivoire	2011–2012	3037	0.44 (0.24 to 0.81)	0.48 (0.26 to 0.90)
Gabon	2012	2452	0.27 (0.14 to 0.50)	0.29 (0.15 to 0.56)
Senegal	2010–2011	4809	0.59 (0.43 to 0.81)	0.57 (0.42 to 0.78)
Gambia	2013	3429	0.69 (0.43 to 1.11)	0.77 (0.47 to 1.25)
Ghana	2014	2281	0.47 (0.36 to 0.60)	0.46 (0.35 to 0.59)
Guinea	2012	2748	0.49 (0.16 to 1.50)	0.47 (0.15 to 1.46)
Liberia	2013	3001	0.43 (0.28 to 0.65)	0.45 (0.30 to 0.69)
Mali	2012–2013	3884	0.64 (0.50 to 0.82)	0.60 (0.47 to 0.77)
Mozambique	2011	4519	0.80 (0.70 to 0.91)	0.79 (0.70 to 0.90)
Niger	2012	4668	0.75 (0.54 to 1.03)	0.58 (0.42 to 0.81)
Nigeria	2013	12 175	0.62 (0.47 to 0.81)	0.49 (0.38 to 0.64)
Rwanda	2014–2015	3127	0.50 (0.45 to 0.57)	0.50 (0.45 to 0.57)
Sierra Leone	2013	4569	0.70 (0.56 to 0.87)	0.68 (0.56 to 0.84)
Zambia	2014–2015	5013	0.58 (0.48 to 0.71)	0.56 (0.47 to 0.68)
Chad	2014–2015	6493	0.32 (0.13 to 0.75)	0.35 (0.15 to 0.82)
Angola	2015–2016	5738	0.52 (0.36 to 0.74)	0.47 (0.34 to 0.67)
Tanzania	2015–2016	4153	0.29 (0.21 to 0.41)	0.24 (0.17 to 0.33)
Zimbabwe	2015	2330	0.36 (0.26 to 0.51)	0.35 (0.25 to 0.49)
Malawi	2015–2016	6561	0.66 (0.58 to 0.74)	0.67 (0.60 to 0.75)
Lesotho	2014	1368	0.58 (0.45 to 0.75)	0.59 (0.46 to 0.76)
Kenya	2014	3762	0.49 (0.38 to 0.61)	0.49 (0.39 to 0.61)
Uganda	2016	5892	0.54 (0.46 to 0.63)	0.49 (0.42 to 0.57)
South Africa	2016	1358	0.85 (0.75 to 0.96)	0.89 (0.78 to 1.00)

*Adjusted for pregnancy planning, birth weight, region of residence, sex of child, mother’s age at birth, mother’s education, number of antenatal visits, birth order, maternal tobacco use, place of delivery, types of residence (rural/urban), distance to health facility, mother’s occupation and household wealth.

Congo Bra, Congo-Brazzaville; Congo DR, Democratic Republic of the Congo; DHS, Demographic and Health Surveys; PR, prevalence ratio.