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. 2019 Sep 3;12:2651–2662. doi: 10.2147/JPR.S205570

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© 2019 Salduker et al.

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Bidirectional relationships between pain, mood and sleep.

Notes: Adapted with permission from Jain R, Webb DA. Chronic pain: addressing the triad of pain, sleep and depression/anxiety. SA J Diabetes. 2016;9(3):7–11. © Homestead Publishing (Pty) Ltd.³⁹