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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: Addiction. 2019 Jun 30;114(10):1775–1784. doi: 10.1111/add.14667
Unweighted Sample, % Inverse Propensity Weighted Sample, %
Newly Insured Returning Insured Cont. Insured Max1 ASMD Newly
Insured
Returning Insured Cont.
Insured
Max1 ASMD
Total N | ESS 40,614 30,164 34,253 31,332 27,607 25,832
Age group
19–29 17.8 27.9 30.7 0.2828 24.8 24.9 24.9 0.0022
30–39 21.7 26.8 30.4 0.1939 26.0 26.0 26.0 0.0012
40–64 60.5 45.2 38.9 0.439 49.2 49.1 49.1 0.0031
Female 46.7 57.1 71.5 0.5188 57.6 57.8 57.9 0.0059
Race/Ethnicity
Hispanic 13.6 12.0 7.5 0.2092 11.1 11.2 11.1 0.0008
Non-Hisp. Non-White 8.3 9.2 7.9 0.0468 8.4 8.4 8.3 0.0042
Non-Hisp. White 60.3 72.8 77.7 0.4042 69.7 69.8 70.1 0.0093
Non-Hisp. Unknown 17.8 6.0 7.0 0.4757 10.8 10.6 10.5 0.0115
Rural setting2 40.1 42.7 42.2 0.0533 41.5 41.5 41.5 0.0007
ZCTA3 Unemployment %
0–8.09 26.2 21.2 20.1 0.1521 22.8 22.7 22.6 0.0048
8.09–9.58 24.7 23.7 23.5 0.0278 24.1 24.1 24.0 0.0031
9.58–11.56 25.1 26.8 27.9 0.0628 26.5 26.5 26.6 0.0022
11.56–38.84 23.8 28.2 28.4 0.1014 26.6 26.5 26.8 0.0057
Unknown 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.014 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0084
ZCTA3 Poverty %
0–13.0 26.5 22.2 22.3 0.1026 24.0 24.0 23.8 0.0039
13.0–17.0 25.6 25.0 24.0 0.0376 24.8 24.8 24.8 0.0005
17.0–22.6 25.8 26.9 28.1 0.0505 26.8 26.9 26.9 0.0026
22.6–100 22.0 25.8 25.7 0.0854 24.4 24.3 24.4 0.0018
Unknown 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0174 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0074
Co-Morbidity Index4
0 23.9 21.5 19.6 0.1073 21.8 21.8 21.8 0.0023
1 to 2 22.2 17.6 20.3 0.1151 20.2 20.3 20.3 0.0025
3 to 4 26.9 30.5 28.9 0.0798 28.5 28.6 28.6 0.002
5 to 6 15.7 17.6 17.5 0.0484 16.8 16.8 16.8 0.0015
7+ 11.4 12.8 13.7 0.0693 12.6 12.6 12.5 0.0018
Migraine 8.0 10.1 14.3 0.2041 10.7 10.6 10.7 0.0012
Joint Pain 58.9 59.4 62.1 0.0668 60.2 60.1 60.1 0.0033
Osteoarthritis 17.0 13.7 14.2 0.0918 15.1 15.0 15.0 0.0022
Back Pain 43.8 45.8 51.6 0.1560 46.8 46.9 46.9 0.0025
General Chronic Pain 17.9 18.7 23.2 0.1345 20.0 19.8 20.0 0.0033
1

Maximum absolute standardized mean difference (ASMD) across all pairwise comparisons for each level of pretreatment covariate.

2

Rural defined by zip codes ten or more miles from the centroid of a population center of 40,000 people or more (Oregon Office of Rural Health).

3

ZIP Code Tabulation Areas.

4

Level of co-morbidity assessed by the enhanced Charlson comorbidity index.