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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: Addiction. 2019 Jun 30;114(10):1775–1784. doi: 10.1111/add.14667
Unweighted Sample, % Inverse Propensity Weighted Sample, %
Newly Insured Returning Insured Cont. Insured Max1 ASMD Newly
Insured
Returning Insured Cont.
Insured
Max1 ASMD
Total N | ESS 2,941 2,673 3,343 2,327 2,515 2,550
Age group
19–29 36.0 36.7 28.4 0.176 33.7 33.5 32.9 0.0176
30–39 27.9 27.9 37.1 0.1953 31.0 31.0 31.7 0.0135
40–64 36.1 35.4 34.5 0.0346 35.2 35.4 35.4 0.0041
Female 32.2 44.8 66.9 0.702 48.0 48.9 49.7 0.0327
Race/Ethnicity
Hispanic 10.7 9.2 3.8 0.2854 7.7 7.6 7.0 0.0264
Non-Hisp. Non-White 6.5 8.1 6.0 0.0814 6.7 6.8 6.6 0.0082
Non-Hisp. White 68.0 76.8 82.3 0.357 76.3 76.7 77.7 0.0334
Non-Hisp. Unknown 14.8 6.0 7.8 0.3448 9.3 9.0 8.7 0.0229
Rural setting2 28.6 30.4 30.7 0.0456 29.8 30.0 29.8 0.0047
ZCTA3 Unemployment %
0–8.09 27.2 21.5 20.7 0.1603 23.3 23.0 22.5 0.0206
8.09–9.58 26.9 27.0 25.3 0.0388 26.4 26.5 26.7 0.0073
9.58–11.56 25.5 26.5 27.3 0.0409 26.6 26.3 26.4 0.0057
11.56–38.84 20.3 24.7 26.5 0.1421 23.5 23.9 24.2 0.0158
Unknown 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.0243 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.0031
ZCTA3 Poverty %
0–13.0 28.2 24.7 23.0 0.1225 25.2 25.4 25.2 0.0046
13.0–17.0 24.5 22.7 20.8 0.0889 22.5 22.7 22.3 0.0099
17.0–22.6 25.6 25.7 28.3 0.0599 26.6 26.5 26.5 0.0043
22.6–100 21.5 26.5 27.7 0.1382 25.4 25.2 25.9 0.0146
Unknown 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.0243 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.0031
Co-Morbidity Index4
0 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.0885 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.023
1 to 2 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.0483 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.0328
3 to 4 44.7 41.4 40.8 0.0789 42.4 42.5 42.4 0.0019
5 to 6 29.6 31.0 29.5 0.0323 29.6 29.9 29.9 0.0064
7+ 24.8 27.1 29.4 0.1025 27.5 27.2 27.4 0.0062
Migraine 6.8 9.9 13.6 0.2234 9.9 10.0 10.4 0.0162
Joint Pain 52.8 58.0 60.6 0.1583 57.2 57.2 56.8 0.0097
Osteoarthritis 12.6 12.3 14.1 0.052 13.0 12.7 13.0 0.0096
Back Pain 42.9 45.1 53.9 0.2188 47.1 47.3 47.9 0.0163
General Chronic Pain 28.7 27.8 35.1 0.1592 30.8 30.4 30.9 0.0101
1

Maximum absolute standardized mean difference (ASMD) across all pairwise comparisons for each level of pretreatment covariate.

2

Rural defined by zip codes ten or more miles from the centroid of a population center of 40,000 people or more (Oregon Office of Rural Health).

3

ZIP Code Tabulation Areas.

4

Level of co-morbidity assessed by the enhanced Charlson comorbidity index.