Table 3. MR angiography protocol for upper extremity pathologies.

Parameter	Details
Position	Hand and forearm: “superman” position (prone with arms extended)
	Arm and inflow vessels: supine with arm to the side in anatomical position
	Suspected thoracic outlet syndrome: 2-phase examination (overhead and externally rotated arm positioning followed by neutral arm positioning)
Coil	Multichannel phased-array coil/extremity coil
Contrast agent	Gadobenate dimeglumine (Multihance, Bracco Diagnostic, Princeton, NJ)
Dose	0.1 mmol/kg
Technique	Coronal ultrafast spin echo (Siemens—HASTE) of upper chest and the extremity.
	Split bolus contrast injection: 5 cc—TWIST sequence for hand; 5 cc MRA of distal arm and forearm; rest of contrast bolus split between MRA of aortic arch with proximal arm and the anatomical area of interest
	3D MRA using a 3D gradient-echo pulse sequence with fat suppression—anatomical area of interest.
	Ultrafast gradient-echo post-contrast T1 sequence (Siemens—VIBE) of chest and arm in axial and coronal plane
Contrast injection rate	1.5–2 mL/s
Saline flush	20 mL at 2 mL/s

Reprinted with permission from (5). HASTE, half-Fourier acquisition single-shot turbo spin echo; VIBE, volumetric interpolated breath-hold examination.