Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies
| Author(s) Pub. year | Focus | N a | n (absent)b | n (non-absent)c | % Boysd | #Risk factors | #Child factors | #Family factors | #School factors | #Peer factors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alexander et al. 1997 | Absenteeism | 493–621 | 194–248 | 297–373 | 45.58 | 31 | 3 | 14 | 14 | 0 |
| Aloise-Young et al. 2002 | Dropout | 2203 | 1213 | 990 | 54.23 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Archambault et al. 2009 | Absenteeism | 11827 | – | – | 44.60 | 32 | 4 | 0 | 28 | 0 |
| Attwood and Croll 2006 | Absenteeism | 337–344 | 32–33 | 304–311 | 52.51 | 5 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 0 |
| Bask and Salmela-Aro 2013 | Dropout | 878 | 116 | 762 | – | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Battin-Pearson et al. 2002 | Dropout | 770 | 88 | 682 | 50.99 | 34 | 12 | 6 | 12 | 6 |
| Birkett et al. 2014 | Absenteeism | 27820–29169 | 1725–1838 | 26095–27331 | 0/100 | 14 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Blondal and Adalbjarnardottir 2014 | Dropout | 835 | 241 | 594 | 46.00 | 28 | 2 | 17 | 9 | 0 |
| Blodgett and Lanigan 2018 | Absenteeism | 2101 | 270 | 1831 | 50.00 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Bobakova et al. 2015 | Absenteeism | 1380 | 117 | 1263 | 49.70 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Borgna and Struffolino 2017 | Dropout | 1508–5233 | 612–759 | 896–4474 | 50.50/55.90 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
| Bosker and Hofman 1994 | Dropout | 2523 | 166 | 2357 | – | 21 | 5 | 5 | 7 | 4 |
| Breuner et al. 2004 | Absenteeism | 233–270 | 106–123 | 127–147 | 38.64 | 18 | 17 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Bryk and Thum 1989 | Absenteeism/Dropout | 160–4450 | – | – | – | 52 | 10 | 2 | 40 | 0 |
| Burton et al. 2014 | Absenteeism | 108 | 29 | 79 | 29.00 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Christle et al. 2007 | Dropout | 196 | – | – | 50.90 | 7 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 0 |
| Claes et al. 2009 | Absenteeism | 810–3470 | 513 | 297–2957 | 48.40 | 26 | 0 | 14 | 12 | 0 |
| (2) Torney-Purta et al 2001 | ||||||||||
| Corville-Smith et al. 1998 | Absenteeism | 54 | 27 | 27 | 29.63 | 11 | 3 | 5 | 2 | 1 |
| Cratty 2012 | Dropout | 68401 | 13188 | 55213 | 48.94 | 18 | 8 | 4 | 6 | 0 |
| Duncan et al. 2017 | Absenteeism | 3112 | 338 | 2775 | 50.50 | 9 | 6 | 3 | 0 | 0 |
| Dupéré et al. 2017 | Dropout | 362 | 183 | 179 | 52.29 | 30 | 6 | 8 | 16 | 0 |
| Eaton et al. 2008 | Absenteeism | 2741 | 1015 | 1726 | 43.40 | 59 | 57 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Echeverria et al. 2014 | Absenteeism | 93320 | 5546 | 87774 | 50.70 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Egger et al. 2003 | Absenteeism | 1422 | – | – | 55.60 | 11 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Ensminger et al. 1996 | Dropout | 1296 | 291 | 1005 | 49.03 | 9 | 2 | 6 | 1 | 0 |
| (2) Ensminger and Slusarcick 1992 | ||||||||||
| Epstein and Sheldon 2002 | Absenteeism | 12 | – | – | – | 15 | 3 | 6 | 6 | 0 |
| Fall and Roberts 2012 | Dropout | 14781 | 786 | 13995 | 49.40 | 7 | 0 | 1 | 6 | 0 |
| Fernandez-Suarez et al. 2016 | Dropout | 252–264 | 121–128 | 131–136 | 80.74 | 7 | 5 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
| Flisher and Chalton 1995 | Dropout | 400 | 68 | 332 | 50.12 | 32 | 30 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
| Fortin et al. 2010 | Dropout | 102–154 | 16–50 | 86–104 | 0/100 | 54 | 10 | 14 | 22 | 8 |
| Gastic 2008 | Absenteeism | 1578 | 199–290 | 1288–1379 | 53.20 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| Gleason and Dynarski 2002 | Dropout | 2568–2615 | 154–382 | 2233–2414 | 53.00 | 35 | 10 | 10 | 15 | 0 |
| (2) Gleason and Dynarski 1994 | ||||||||||
| Hancock et al. 2018 | Absenteeism | 5231 | 544 | 4687 | 61.00 | 23 | 6 | 13 | 0 | 0 |
| Hagborg et al. 2018 | Absenteeism | 1147–1240 | 39–132 | 1108 | 49.32 | 42 | 10 | 20 | 12 | 0 |
| Henry 2007 | Absenteeism | 5429–5684 | 597–890 | 4539–5087 | 47.30/48.50 | 50 | 16 | 20 | 14 | 0 |
| Hickman et al. 2008 | Dropout | 119 | 59 | 60 | 50.80 | 28 | 3 | 0 | 25 | 0 |
| Hughes et al. 2018 | Dropout | 735 | – | – | 52.70 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Hunt and Hopko 2009 | Absenteeism | 367 | 255 | 112 | 42.00 | 30 | 15 | 13 | 1 | 1 |
| Hysing et al. 2015 | Absenteeism | 8347 | – | – | 46.50 | 11 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Ingul and Nordahl 2013 | Absenteeism | 94–716 | 21–80 | 73–636 | 47.70 | 27 | 19 | 3 | 2 | 3 |
| Ingul et al. 2012 | Absenteeism | 308–610 | 101–103 | 207–507 | 47.70 | 46 | 29 | 10 | 6 | 2 |
| Janosz et al. 1997 | Dropout | 791 | 172–335 | 456–619 | 46.40/55.37 | 92 | 44 | 24 | 12 | 12 |
| Jenkins 1995 | Absenteeism | 754 | – | – | 50.00 | 13 | 4 | 7 | 2 | 0 |
| Jimerson et al. 2000 | Dropout | 143 | 43 | 100 | 55.24 | 17 | 3 | 6 | 5 | 3 |
| Keppens and Spruyt 2015 | Absenteeism | 3884 | 198 | 3686 | – | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Lloyd 1978 | Dropout | 774–788 | 143–196 | 592–631 | 0/100 | 36 | 2 | 10 | 24 | 0 |
| Lounsbury et al. 2004 | Absenteeism | 248–321 | – | – | 46.00/48.00/53.00 | 27 | 27 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Mounteney et al. 2010 | Absenteeism | 3809 | 107 | 3702 | 51.06 | 28 | 23 | 5 | 0 | 0 |
| Morrow and Villodas 2017 | Dropout | 728 | – | – | 44.00 | 6 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| Mullvain 2017 | Absenteeism | 49 | – | – | – | 4 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 |
| Peguero et al 2016 | Dropout | 2550–5950 | 306–714 | 2244–5236 | 48.00/50.00 | 12 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Quiroga et al. 2012 | Dropout | 453 | 308 | 145 | 52.50 | 11 | 4 | 1 | 5 | 1 |
| Ramberg et al. 2019 | Absenteeism | 4956 | 1160 | 3296 | 47.10 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 |
| Ramirez et al. 2012 | Absenteeism | 27110 | 10163 | 16947 | 48.38 | 10 | 8 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Reid 1984 | Absenteeism | 154 | 77 | 77 | – | 36 | 10 | 6 | 20 | 0 |
| (2) Reid 1981 | ||||||||||
| Rousseau-Salvador et al. 2014 | Absenteeism | 37–167 | 12–61 | 25–106 | 45,58 | 8 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Rumberger 1995 | Dropout | 17242 | – | – | 50.00 | 34 | 12 | 10 | 10 | 2 |
| Rumberger et al. 1990 | Dropout | 96–114 | 48–66 | 48 | 48.20 | 20 | 10 | 4 | 6 | 0 |
| Sälzer et al. 2012 | Absenteeism | 3491 | – | – | 50.00 | 9 | 2 | 1 | 6 | 0 |
| Sapharas et al. 2016 | Dropout | 1689–1761 | 158–288 | 1473–1531 | 0/100 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
| Schwartz et al. 2009 | Absenteeism | 40 | – | – | 37.50 | 21 | 17 | 1 | 3 | 0 |
| Sommer 1985 | Absenteeism | 18–50 | 9–25 | 9–25 | 0/64.00/100 | 16 | 2 | 7 | 7 | 0 |
| Steinhausen et al. 2008 | Absenteeism | 89–244 | 41–154 | 48–90 | – | 54 | 30 | 12 | 8 | 4 |
| Sznitman et al. 2017 | Dropout | 3604–13262 | 901–3846 | 2703–9416 | 49.68/51.39 | 12 | 8 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
| Taylor 2009 | Absenteeism | 131 | – | – | – | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| Teuscher and Makarova 2018 | Absenteeism | 220 | – | – | 52.10 | 7 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 |
| Trampush et al. 2009 | Dropout | 44–49 | 24–32 | 17–20 | 91.40 | 10 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 0 |
| Vaughn et al. 2013 | Absenteeism | 17125–18443 | 376–1694 | 16749 | 51.00 | 66 | 40 | 14 | 12 | 0 |
| Veenstra et al. 2010 | Absenteeism | 1675 | 109 | 1566 | – | 9 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 1 |
| Vitaro et al. 2001 | Dropout | 751 | 134 | 617 | 100 | 7 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 2 |
| Zhang et al. 2007 | Absenteeism | 4745–12464 | 588–1725 | 4157–10739 | 64.75 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Pub. year publication year, Focus the focus of the study (school absenteeism or dropout), N total sample size, n(absent) number of school absentees or dropouts in the sample, n(non-absent) number of non-absentees or non-dropouts in the sample, % Boys percentage of boys in the sample, #Risk factors total number of risk factors that were retrieved from the study, #Child factors number of child factors that were retrieved from the study, #Family factors number of family factors that were retrieved from the study, #School factors number of school factors that were retrieved from the study, #Peer factors number of peer factors that were retrieved from the study, (2) A primary study using the same sample as the study mentioned directly above, Absenteeism/Dropout both school absenteeism and dropout were assessed in study
aIf more than one sample size was reported in a study (varied by effect size), the range was displayed
bIf more than one number of truants or dropouts was reported in a study (varied by effect size), the range was displayed
cIf more than one number of non-truants or non-dropouts was reported in a study (varied by effect size), the range was displayed
dIf more than one percentage of boys was reported in a study (due to multiple included samples; varied by effect size), all the percentages were displayed, separated by a ‘/’