| Child domains |
|---|
| Age (Being older; A + D) |
| Age of child (older = more risk); Grade level of child (higher grade = more risk) |
| Alcohol abuse (A + D) |
| Child’s lifetime alcohol use; Child had ever used alcohol; Child is a heavy drinker; Child is often drunk; Child started drinking alcohol early in life; Child has problems because of alcohol use |
| Anti-social behavior/cognitions (A + D) |
| Child is aggressive; Child is anti-social (but not delinquent); Child has anti-social orientation; Child has attention problems; Child has behavioral problems; Child has attitudinal problems; Child shows disruptive behavior; Child is violent; Child has conduct problems; Child has disciplinary referrals at school; Child is a bully; Child is hyperactive; Child is irresponsible; Child is prone to mischief; Child shows a lot of anger or irritability Child shows rule breaking behavior; Child has low self-control |
| Anxiety (A + D) |
| Child shows generalized anxiety/anxiety symptoms/separation anxiety/simple phobia/social anxiety |
| Being a sexual minority (A) |
| Being bisexual, lesbian, gay or unsure about sexual identity |
| Delinquent behavior (A + D) |
| Child has committing school crime; Child shows vandalism; Child was arrested; Child carries a gun or weapon; Child has a criminal history; Child is delinquent; Child committed a violent offense; Child sells drugs; Child was in jail; Child steals; Child showed weapon violence; Child was in juvenile probation |
| Depression (A + D) |
| Child has as history of depression or is currently depressed |
| Drug abuse (A + D) |
| Child is using or used methamphetamine/marijuana/ecstasy/cocaine/steroid/illicit drugs/inhalant drugs/other narcotics |
| Ethnicity (Being non-White; A + D) |
| Child is Asian/African American/Native American/Hispanic/non-white/non-Western/multiracial/a minority/an immigrant; English is child’s second language (in studies from English-speaking countries); Dutch is child’s second language (in studies from the Netherlands) |
| Having a job (A + D) |
| Child is employed; Child is working for money; Child worked in past year |
| Having a negative school attitude (A + D) |
| Child dislikes school; Child had s academic disinterest; Child does little homework; Child does not understand the purpose of schooling; Child perceives school grades as unimportant; Child had a history of dropping out; Child doesn’t feel a part of the school community; Child is often late in class; Child show low levels of school engagement; Child shows low attachment to school; Child is not committed to school; Child has low educational goals; Child shows a low motivation; Child has a negative attitude towards school; Child is not sure of high school graduation |
| High impact/negative life events (A) |
| Number of negative life events; Impact of negative life events; Child witnessed a traumatic event; Child was a victim of a traumatic event |
| High sexual involvement (A + D) |
| Child had sexual intercourse multiple times with different persons; Child has an early sexual onset; Child doesn’t use birth control; Child is far in pubertal development; Child has children; Child has ever been pregnant or gotten someone pregnant |
| History of grade retention (D) |
| Child had a history of grade retention; Child is too old for grade level; Child repeated a grade |
| Low academic achievement (A + D) |
| Child had poor grades; Child has poor academic background; Child had a low Grade Point Average (GPA); Child is in a vocational high school program |
| Low academic self-concept (A + D) |
| Child expects upcoming grades to be bad; Child has a poor academic self-image |
| Low IQ; learning difficulties (A + D) |
| Child had low levels of general cognitive functioning; Child is in special education; Child had low scores on intelligence tests; Child has learning difficulties |
| Negative or no leisure activities (A + D) |
| Child is not participating in leisure time activities; Child is often loitering; Child doesn’t participate in any extracurricular activities; Child participated in passive activities, like watching TV |
| Not being religious (A + D) |
| Child is not, or only to a small extend, religious |
| Other internalizing behavior (A + D) |
| Child shows alienation; Child has internalizing problems; Child attempted or considered suicide; Child has a low self-esteem; Child has negative thoughts; Child has a panic disorder or symptoms; Child had somatic problems; Child is often tearful; Child is often withdrawn |
| Poor physical health (A + D) |
| Child is obese or overweight; Child is underweight; Child has a bad health; Child has a chronic illness; Child does not (or insufficiently) participate in physical exercise; Child has headaches; Child has migraine; Child has history of organic diseases; Child is impaired; Child has insomnia; Child has bad sleeping habits; Child has bad eating habits; Child has premenstrual symptoms; Child shows exhaustion |
| Psychiatric symptoms; disorders(A + D) |
| Child has a high total problem score on YRS; Child is autistic; Child is severely disables; Child is emotionally or behaviorally disabled; Child had psychiatric symptoms (in general) |
| Risky coping/personality profile (A + D) |
| Child is emotional instable; Child has an external locus of control; Child is extravert; Child is neurotic; Child is psychotic; Child is highly self-aware; Child is tough-minded; Child is closed; Child is pessimistic; Child is not agreeable; Child is not conscientious; Child shows low levels of self-efficacy; Child does not have a work drive; Child has personality problems; Child is repressive; Child uses non-problem solving coping, like avoidance and denial |
| Showing risky behavior (A + D) |
| Child drives without a license; Child drives when drinking alcohol; Child was involved in a traffic accident; Child drives in a not roadworthy vehicle; Child gets a real kick out of doing dangerous things; Child goes out at night beyond the neighborhood; Child does not wear a seatbelt; Child rides a motorbike; Child drives without a helmet; Child rode with a driver who had been drinking alcohol |
| Smoking (A + D) |
| Child is a (heavy) smoker; Child bought cigarettes; Child smokes cigars; Child started smoking early in life |
| Family domains |
| Family structure (other than a nuclear family; A + D) |
| Family breakup; Parental divorce; Child lives with a single parent/stepparents/in an institution/without parents; |
| Having a history of child abuse victimization (A + D) |
| Child is/was a victim of: child maltreatment/physical abuse/emotional abuse/physical neglect/sexual abuse; Child is/was a witness of domestic violence; Conflict within family; Spousal physical abuse |
| Ineffective family systems and/or organization (e.g. low cohesion; A + D) |
| Family disruptions or adversity; Low levels of cohesion/organization/expressiveness/intellectual-cultural orientation/moral-religious emphasis/achievement orientation within family/active-recreational orientation within the family; High levels of independency within the family |
| Large family size (A + D) |
| Large family size; High number of siblings within the family |
| Low family SES (A + D) |
| Low income of family members; Family lives in poverty; Child is homeless; Child receives free or reduced priced lunches at school; Child gets a low allowance from parents; Parents are unemployed; Child shared a room with siblings |
| Low parental control and/or ineffective discipline (A + D) |
| Low levels of monitoring, control or supervision by parents; There are no rules at home; Parents don’t offer structure; Parents punish children a lot; Parents use negative punishment; Lax or inconsistent parental discipline |
| Low parental education (A + D) |
| Low levels of parental education; Parents received no education; Parents were high school dropouts |
| Low parental school involvement (A + D) |
| Parents don’t help child with homework or other school stuff; Parents show low levels of communication with teachers or school; Parents have low expectations of a child’s school achievement; Parents don’t read with their child; Parents don’t support children with school related activities |
| Low parental support/acceptance (A + D) |
| Parents show high levels of rejection towards child; Parents don’t (or only to a small extent) encourage autonomy of child; Parent show low levels of acceptance towards child; Parents show low levels of involvement with child; Parents show low levels of affective support towards child; Parents show low levels of positive reinforcement towards child. |
| Parental alcohol use (D) |
| High levels of parental alcohol use |
| Poor parent-child relationship (D) |
| Low levels of parent-child communication/parent-child contact/parental sensitivity/attachment to parents/identification with parents |
| Sibling at school (A) |
| Sibling goes (used to go) to the same school |
| Sibling dropped out (D) |
| Sibling has dropped out of school |
| School domains |
| Distance to school (short; A) |
| Percentage of students living less than 1 mile from school |
| Large classes; schools (A) |
| Large classes; Large schools |
| Low quality of school/education (A + D) |
| Teacher doesn’t make it possible to participate in class; School has less advances math courses in school; Low achievement standards in school; Inadequate workload given to children by teacher; Poor quality of teachers (as perceived by children); Poor school management; Rapid instructional pace of teacher; Non-fair or non-effective school discipline methods; Poor school facilities; Low levels of commitment of school staff to school |
| Negative school/class climate (A + D) |
| Child feels unsafe at school; High levels of classroom competition; High levels of innovation in classroom; Child experiences ethnic, personal or sexual harassment in school; Rules within classroom are not clear; Low levels of order and organization within classroom; Low levels of task orientation within classroom; Low levels of school spirit |
| Often changed schools (D) |
| Family moved; Child attended different schools between kindergarten and 1th grade; Number of school changes; School moves |
| Poor pupil-teacher relationship (A + D) |
| Low levels of attachment to teacher; Low levels of commitment to teacher; High levels of control by teacher; Low teacher support; Negative attitudes toward teachers; Negative teacher attitudes towards student; Student-teacher conflict |
| Public school (vs. private; A) |
| School type (public = more risk) |
| Peer domains |
| Being bullied (A) |
| Child is victim of bullying; There is bullying within school; Child worries a lot about bullying |
| Having a lot of friends/being popular (A + D) |
| Child is accepted by peers; Child had a lot of friends; Child spends a lot of time with friends; High levels of identification with friends; Child is treated with respect by peers; Child is considered popular by peers |
| Involvement with truant/deviant peers (D) |
| Peers show low levels of school engagement; Deviant or dropped out peers; Child bonds with antisocial peers; Peers are truant |
| Poor social competence (A + D) |
| Child show poor social skills; Child shows low levels of social functioning; Child spends little time with friends; Child shows relational problems; Child shows poor social adjustment; Child is unpopular |
Note. The risk domains are in boldface; A = School absenteeism; D = School dropout