Table 2.

Imaging modalities used in pediatric pulmonary hypertension.

Modality	Adaptation	Problem
Echocardiography	Higher frequency probes provide better spatial and temporal resolution in children; optimized sector width and focal length improves image quality in children	High heart rate, small structures but better echo windows reduced distance from probe to structure of interest
CT imaging	Multislice	Small structures, high heart rates, movement, difficulty in breath holding, need to avoid sedation anesthesia
MRI	Rectangular field of view, partial Fourier encoding, patient-friendly MRI environment, use of novel real-time sequences/under-sampling with novel reconstruction	Small structures, high heart rates and respiratory rates, movement and difficulty breath-holding, need to avoid anesthesia

CT, computed tomography; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging.