Table 1.

Summary of studies about the role of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in prostate cancer

First author (year)	Study sources	Identification of TILs	Management	Outcome
Akins et al. 201018	Pten knockout mice	FoxP3+	Anti-CD25 antibody	Tregs depletion combined with in situ vaccination and ADT can reduce castration-resistant tumor burden
Zhao et al. 201217	SCID mice with PC-3 intratibial injection	CD4+CD25high, CD4+Foxp3+	Intravenously transfused with activated Tregs	Bone marrow Treg cells may facilitate cancer bone metastasis and contribute to bone deposition
Flammiger et al. 201321	Patients’ samples	FoxP3+	Immunohistochemistry analysis	Increased infiltrating of Tregs significantly involved with reduced PSA recurrence-free survival and advanced tumor stage
Nardone et al. 201622	Patients’ samples	FoxP3+PD-1	Immunohistochemistry analysis	Lower expression of PD-1/FoxP3+ correlated with prolonged PFS and OS
Mo et al. 201719	Subcutaneous mice model of RM-1 prostate cancer	ICOS	Anti-ICOS antibody	ICOS blocking could deplete the infiltrated Tregs and enhance antitumor immunity of tumor cell vaccine in prostate cancer
Davidsson et al. 201820	Patients’ samples	CD4+FOXP3+, CD8+FOXP3+	Immunohistochemistry analysis	Four-fold increased risk of prostate cancer in men with epithelial CD4+ Tregs infiltration

TILs: tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes; FOXP3: forkhead box P3; CD: cluster of differentiation; PTEN: phosphatase and tensin homolog; ICOS: inducible T cell costimulatory; SCID: severe combined immunodeficiency; PC-3: prostate cancer cell-3; ADT: androgen depletion therapy; Tregs: regulatory T cells; PSA: prostate-specific androgen; PFS: progression-free survival; OS: overall survival; PD-1: programmed cell death protein-1