a,b, Minigut actuation design creates a peristaltic wave. c, Photograph of the minigut chip, which is approximately 8.4 cm × 2 cm. d, RootChip design for high-resolution imaging of plant–microbe interactions across controlled environmental conditions. Scale bar, 5 cm. Reproduced with permission from Cremer et al.[20] (a–c) and Massalha et al.[23] (d).